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NAME
mc - Visual shell for Unix-like systems.
USAGE
mc [-abcCdfhPstuUVx?] [-l log] [dir1 [dir2]] [-v file]
DESCRIPTION
The Midnight Commander is a directory browser/file manager
for Unix-like operating systems.
OPTIONS
-a Disables the usage of graphic characters for line draw-
ing.
-b Forces black and white display.
-c Force color mode, please check the section Colors for
more information.
-C arg
Used to specify a different color set in the command
line. The format of arg is documented in the Colors
section.
-d Disables mouse support.
-f Displays the compiled-in search paths for Midnight Com-
mander files.
-k Reset softkeys to their default from the
termcap/terminfo database. Only useful on HP terminals
when the function keys don't work.
-l file
Save the ftpfs dialog with the server in file.
-P At program end, the Midnight Commander will print the
last working directory; this, along with the shell
function below, will allow you to browse through your
directories and automatically move to the last direc-
tory you were in (thanks to Torben Fjerdingstad and
Sergey for contributing this function and the code
which implements this option).
Please don't add verbatim copies of the function defin-
itions below. Source the files
/usr/local/lib/mc/bin/mc.sh (bash and zsh users)
respectively /usr/local/lib/mc/bin/mc.csh (tcsh users)
instead. This way you will not need to change your pro-
files if the function definitions are improved, pro-
vided that you don't compile MC with a different pre-
fix.
bash and zsh users:
mc ()
{
mkdir -p ~/.mc/tmp 2> /dev/null
chmod 700 ~/.mc/tmp
MC=~/.mc/tmp/mc-$$
/usr/local/bin/mc -P "$@" > "$MC"
cd "`cat $MC`"
rm "$MC"
unset MC;
}
tcsh users:
alias mc 'setenv MC `/usr/local/bin/mc -P *`; cd $MC; unsetenv MC'
the
I know the bash function could be shorter for zsh and bash but
backquotes on bash won't accept your suspension the
program with C-z. The temporary file is created in the
private directory ~/.mc/tmp in order to avoid symlink
attacks in a world writable /tmp.
-s Turns on the slow terminal mode, in this mode the pro-
gram will not draw expensive line drawing characters
and will toggle verbose mode off.
-t Used only if the code was compiled with Slang and ter-
minfo: it makes the Midnight Commander use the value of
the TERMCAP variable for the terminal information
instead of the information on the system wide terminal
database
-u Disables the use of a concurrent shell (only makes
sense if the Midnight Commander has been built with
concurrent shell support).
-U Enables the use of the concurrent shell support (only
makes sense if the Midnight Commander was built with
the subshell support set as an optional feature).
-v file
Enters the internal viewer to view the file specified.
-V Displays the version of the program.
-x Forces xterm mode. Used when running on xterm-capable
terminals (two screen modes, and able to send mouse
escape sequences).
If specified, the first path name is the directory to show
in the selected panel; the second path name is the directory
to be shown in the other panel.
Overview
The screen of the Midnight Commander is divided into four
parts. Almost all of the screen space is taken up by two
directory panels. By default, the second bottommost line of
the screen is the shell command line, and the bottom line
shows the function key labels. The topmost line is the menu
bar line. The menu bar line may not be visible, but appears
if you click the topmost line with the mouse or press the F9
key.
The Midnight Commander provides a view of two directories at
the same time. One of the panels is the current panel (a
selection bar is in the current panel). Almost all opera-
tions take place on the current panel. Some file operations
like Rename and Copy by default use the directory of the
unselected panel as a destination (don't worry, they always
ask you for confirmation first). For more information, see
the sections on the Directory Panels, the Left and Right
Menus and the File Menu.
You can execute system commands from the Midnight Commander
by simply typing them. Everything you type will appear on
the shell command line, and when you press Enter the Mid-
night Commander will execute the command line you typed;
read the Shell Command Line and Input Line Keys sections to
learn more about the command line.
Mouse Support
The Midnight Commander comes with mouse support. It is
activated whenever you are running on an xterm(1) terminal
(it even works if you take a telnet or rlogin connection to
another machine from the xterm) or if you are running on a
Linux console and have the gpm mouse server running.
When you left click on a file in the directory panels, that
file is selected; if you click with the right button, the
file is marked (or unmarked, depending on the previous
state).
Double-clicking on a file will try to execute the command if
it is an executable program; and if the extension file has a
program specified for the file's extension, the specified
program is executed.
Also, it is possible to execute the commands assigned to the
function key labels by clicking on them.
If a mouse button is clicked on the top frame line of the
directory panel, it is scrolled one pageful backward.
Correspondingly, a click on the bottom frame line will cause
a scroll of one pageful forward. This frame line method
works also in the Help Viewer and the Directory Tree.
The default auto repeat rate for the mouse buttons is 400
milliseconds. This may be changed to other values by editing
the ~/.mc/ini file and changing the mouse_repeat_rate param-
eter.
If you are running the Commander with the mouse support, you
can bypass the Commander and get the default mouse behavior
(cutting and pasting text) by holding down the Shift key.
Keys
Some commands in the Midnight Commander involve the use of
the Control (sometimes labeled CTRL or CTL) and the Meta
(sometimes labeled ALT or even Compose) keys. In this manual
we will use the following abbreviations:
C-<chr> means hold the Control key while typing the charac-
ter <chr>. Thus C-f would be: hold the Control key and type
f.
M-<chr> means hold the Meta or Alt key down while typing
<chr>. If there is no Meta or Alt key, type ESC, release it,
then type the character <chr>.
All input lines in the Midnight Commander use an approxima-
tion to the GNU Emacs editor's key bindings.
There are many sections which tell about the keys. The fol-
lowing are the most important.
The File Menu section documents the keyboard shortcuts for
the commands appearing in the File menu. This section
includes the function keys. Most of these commands perform
some action, usually on the selected file or the tagged
files.
The Directory Panels section documents the keys which select
a file or tag files as a target for a later action (the
action is usually one from the file menu).
The Shell Command Line section list the keys which are used
for entering and editing command lines. Most of these copy
file names and such from the directory panels to the command
line (to avoid excessive typing) or access the command line
history.
Input Line Keys are used for editing input lines. This means
both the command line and the input lines in the query dia-
logs.
Miscellaneous Keys
Here are some keys which don't fall into any of the other
categories:
Enter. If there is some text in the command line (the one at
the bottom of the panels), then that command is executed. If
there is no text in the command line then if the selection
bar is over a directory the Midnight Commander does a
chdir(2) to the selected directory and reloads the informa-
tion on the panel; if the selection is an executable file
then it is executed. Finally, if the extension of the
selected file name matches one of the extensions in the
extensions file then the corresponding command is executed.
C-l. Repaint all the information in the Midnight Commander.
C-x c. Run the Chmod command on a file or on the tagged
files.
C-x o. Run the Chown command on the current file or on the
tagged files.
C-x l. Run the link command.
C-x s. Run the symbolic link command.
C-x i. Set the other panel display mode to information.
C-x q. Set the other panel display mode to quick view.
C-x !. Execute the External panelize command.
C-x h Run the add directory to hotlist command.
M-!, Executes the Filtered view command, described in the
view command.
M-?, Executes the Find file command.
M-c, Pops up the quick cd dialog.
C-o, When the program is being run in the Linux or SCO con-
sole or under an xterm, it will show you the output of the
previous command. When ran on the Linux console, the Mid-
night Commander uses an external program (cons.saver) to
handle saving and restoring of information on the screen.
When the subshell support is compiled in, you can type C-o
at any time and you will be taken back to the Midnight Com-
mander main screen, to return to your application just type
C-o. If you have an application suspended by using this
trick, you won't be able to execute other programs from the
Midnight Commander until you terminate the suspended appli-
cation.
Directory Panels
This section lists the keys which operate on the directory
panels. If you want to know how to change the appearance of
the panels take a look at the section on Left and Right
Menus.
Tab, C-i. Change the current panel. The old other panel
becomes the new current panel and the old current panel
becomes the new other panel. The selection bar moves from
the old current panel to the new current panel.
Insert, C-t. To tag files you may use the Insert key (the
kich1 terminfo sequence) or the C-t (Control-t) sequence. To
untag files, just retag a tagged file.
M-g, M-h (or M-r), M-j. Used to select the top file in a
panel, the middle file and the bottom one, respectively.
C-s, M-s. Start a filename search in the directory listing.
When the search is active the keypresses will be added to
the search string instead of the command line. If the Show
mini-status option is enabled the search string is shown on
the mini-status line. When typing, the selection bar will
move to the next file starting with the typed letters. The
backspace or DEL keys can be used to correct typing mis-
takes. If C-s is pressed again, the next match is searched
for.
M-t Toggle the current display listing to show the next
display listing mode. With this it is possible to quickly
switch from long listing to regular listing and the user
defined listing mode.
C-\ (control-backslash). Show the directory hotlist and
change to the selected directory.
+ (plus). This is used to select (tag) a group of files.
The Midnight Commander will prompt for a regular expression
describing the group. When Shell Patterns are enabled, the
regular expression is much like the regular expressions in
the shell (* standing for zero or more characters and ?
standing for one character). If Shell Patterns is off, then
the tagging of files is done with normal regular expressions
(see ed (1)).
If the expression starts or ends with a slash (/), then it
will select directories instead of files.
\ (backslash). Use the "\" key to unselect a group of files.
This is the opposite of the Plus key.
up-key, C-p. Move the selection bar to the previous entry in
the panel.
down-key, C-n. Move the selection bar to the next entry in
the panel.
home, a1, M-<. Move the selection bar to the first entry in
the panel.
end, c1, M->. Move the selection bar to the last entry in
the panel.
next-page, C-v. Move the selection bar one page down.
prev-page, M-v. Move the selection bar one page up.
M-o, If the other panel is a listing panel and you are
standing on a directory in the current panel, then the other
panel contents are set to the contents of the currently
selected directory (like Emacs' dired C-o key) otherwise the
other panel contents are set to the parent dir of the
current dir.
C-PageUp, C-PageDown Only when ran on the Linux console:
does a chdir to ".." and to the currently selected directory
respectively.
M-y Moves to the previous directory in the history,
equivalent to depressing the '<' with the mouse.
M-u Moves to the next directory in the history, equivalent
to depressing the '>' with the mouse. Displays the direc-
tory history, equivalent to depressing the 'v' with the
mouse.
Shell Command Line
This section lists keys which are useful to avoid excessive
typing when entering shell commands.
M-Enter. Copy the currently selected file name to the com-
mand line.
C-Enter. Same a M-Enter, this one only works on the Linux
console.
M-Tab. Does the filename, command, variable, username and
hostname completion for you.
C-x t, C-x C-t. Copy the tagged files (or if there are no
tagged files, the selected file) of the current panel (C-x
t) or of the other panel (C-x C-t) to the command line.
C-x p, C-x C-p. The first key sequence copies the current
path name to the command line, and the second one copies the
unselected panel's path name to the command line.
C-q. The quote command can be used to insert characters that
are otherwise interpreted by the Midnight Commander (like
the '+' symbol)
M-p, M-n. Use these keys to browse through the command his-
tory. M-p takes you to the last entry, M-n takes you to the
next one.
M-h. Displays the history for the current input line.
General Movement Keys
The help viewer, the file viewer and the directory tree use
common code to handle moving. Therefore they accept exactly
the same keys. Each of them also accepts some keys of its
own.
Other parts of the Midnight Commander use some of the same
movement keys, so this section may be of use for those parts
too.
Up, C-p. Moves one line backward.
Down, C-n. Moves one line forward.
Prev Page, Page Up, M-v. Moves one pageful backward.
Next Page, Page Down, C-v. Moves one pageful forward.
Home, A1. Moves to the beginning.
End, C1. Move to the end.
The help viewer and the file viewer accept the following
keys in addition the to ones mentioned above:
b, C-b, C-h, Backspace, Delete. Moves one pageful backward.
Space bar. Moves one pageful forward.
u, d. Moves one half of a page backward or forward.
g, G. Moves to the beginning or to the end.
Input Line Keys
The input lines (they are used for the command line and for
the query dialogs in the program) accept these keys:
C-a puts the cursor at the beginning of line.
C-e puts the cursor at the end of the line.
C-b, move-left move the cursor one position left.
C-f, move-right move the cursor one position right.
M-f moves one word forward.
M-b moves one word backward.
C-h, backspace delete the previous character.
C-d, Delete delete the character in the point (over the cur-
sor).
C-@ sets the mark for cutting.
C-w copies the text between the cursor and the mark to a
kill buffer and removes the text from the input line.
M-w copies the text between the cursor and the mark to a
kill buffer.
C-y yanks back the contents of the kill buffer.
C-k kills the text from the cursor to the end of the line.
M-p, M-n Use these keys to browse through the command his-
tory. M-p takes you to the last entry, M-n takes you to the
next one.
M-C-h, M-Backspace delete one word backward.
M-Tab does the filename, command, variable, username and
hostname completion for you.
Menu Bar
The menu bar pops up when you press F9 or click the mouse on
the top row of the screen. The menu bar has five menus:
"Left", "File", "Command", "Options" and "Right".
The Left and Right Menus allow you to modify the appearance
of the left and right directory panels.
The File Menu lists the actions you can perform on the
currently selected file or the tagged files.
The Command Menu lists the actions which are more general
and bear no relation to the currently selected file or the
tagged files.
Left and Right Menus
The outlook of the directory panels can be changed from the
Left and Right menus.
Listing Mode...
The listing mode view is used to display a listing of files,
there are four different listing modes available: Full,
Brief, Long, and User. The full directory view shows the
file name, the size of the file and the modification time.
The brief view shows only the file name and it has two
columns (therefore showing twice as many files as other
views). The long view is similar to the output of ls -l com-
mand. The long view takes the whole screen width.
If you choose the "User" display format, then you have to
specify the display format.
The user display format must start with a panel size specif-
ier. This may be "half" or "full", and they specify a half
screen panel and a full screen panel respectively.
After the panel size, you may specify the two columns mode
on the panel, this is done by adding the number "2" to the
user format string.
After this you add the name of the fields with an optional
size specifier. This are the available fields you may
display:
name, displays the file name.
size, displays the file size.
bsize, is an alternative form of the <bf/size/ format. It
displays the size of the files and for directories it just
shows SUB-DIR or UP--DIR.
type, displays a one character field type. This character
is a superset of what is displayed by ls with the -F flag.
An asterisk for executable files, a slash for directories,
an at-sign for links, an equal sign for sockets, a hyphen
for character devices, a plus sign for block devices, a pipe
for fifos, a tilde for symbolic links to directories and an
exclamation mark for stalled symlinks (links that point
nowhere).
mtime, file's last modification time.
atime, file's last access time.
ctime, file's creation time.
perm, a string representing the current permission bits of
the file.
mode, an octal value with the current permission bits of the
file.
nlink, the number of links to the file. ngid, the GID
(numeric).
nuid, the UID (numeric).
owner, the owner of the file.
group, the group of the file.
inode, the inode of the file.
Also you may use these field names for arranging the
display:
space, a space in the display format.
mark, An asterisk if the file is tagged, a space if it's
not.
|, This character is used to add a vertical line to the
display format.
To force one field to a fixed size (a size specifier), you
just add a ':' and then the number of characters you want
the field to have, if the number is followed by the symbol
'+', then the size specifies the minimum field size, if the
program finds out that there is more space on the screen, it
will then expand this field.
For example, the Full display corresponds to this format:
half type,name,|,size,|,mtime
And the Long display corresponds to this format:
full
perm,space,nlink,space,owner,space,group,space,size,space,
mtime,space,name
This is a nice user display format:
half name,|,size:7,|,type,mode:3
Panels may also be set to the following modes:
Info The info view display information related to the
currently selected file and if possible information
about the current file system.
Tree The tree view is quite similar to the directory tree
feature. See the section about it for more information.
Quick View
In this mode, the panel will switch to a reduced viewer
that displays the contents of the currently selected
file, if you select the panel (with the tab key or the
mouse), you will have access to the usual viewer com-
mands.
Sort Order...
The eight sort orders are by name, by extension, by modifi-
cation time, by access time, and by inode information modif-
ication time, by size, by inode and unsorted. In the Sort
order dialog box you can choose the sort order and you may
also specify if you want to sort in reverse order by check-
ing the reverse box.
By default directories are sorted before files but this can
be changed from the Options menu (option Mix all files ).
Filter...
The filter command allows you to specify a shell pattern
(for example *.tar.gz ) which the files must match to be
shown. Regardless of the filter pattern, the directories and
the links to directories are always shown in the directory
panel.
Reread
The reread command reload the list of files in the direc-
tory. It is useful if other processes have created or
removed files. If you have panelized file names in a panel
this will reload the directory contents and remove the
panelized information (See the section External panelize for
more information).
File Menu
The Midnight Commander uses the F1 - F10 keys as keyboard
shortcuts for commands appearing in the file menu. The
escape sequences for the Fkeys are terminfo capabilities kf1
trough kf10. On terminals without function key support, you
can achieve the same functionality by pressing the ESC key
and then a number in the range 1 through 9 and 0
(corresponding to F1 to F9 and F10 respectively).
The File menu has the following commands (keyboard shortcuts
in parentheses):
Help (F1)
Invokes the built-in hypertext help viewer. Inside the help
viewer, you can use the Tab key to select the next link and
the Enter key to follow that link. The keys Space and Back-
space are used to move forward and backward in a help page.
Press F1 again to get the full list of accepted keys.
Menu (F2)
Invoke the user menu. The user menu provides an easy way to
provide users with a menu and add extra features to the Mid-
night Commander.
View (F3, Shift-F3)
View the currently selected file. By default this invokes
the Internal File Viewer but if the option "Use internal
view" is off, it invokes an external file viewer specified
by the PAGER environment variable. If PAGER is undefined,
the "view" command is invoked. If you use Shift-F3 instead,
the viewer will be invoked without doing any formatting or
pre processing to the file.
Filtered View (M-!)
this command prompts for a command and it's arguments (the
argument defaults to the currently selected file name), the
output from such command is shown in the internal file
viewer.
Edit (F4)
Currently it invokes the vi editor, or the editor specified
in the EDITOR environment variable, or the Internal File
Editor if the use_internal_edit option is on.
Copy (F5)
Pop up an input dialog with destination that defaults to the
directory in the non-selected panel and copies the currently
selected file (or the tagged files, if there is at least one
file tagged) to the directory specified by the user in the
input dialog. During this process, you can press C-c or ESC
to abort the operation. For details about source mask (which
will be usually either * or ^\(.*\)$ depending on setting of
Use shell patterns) and possible wildcards in the destina-
tion see Mask copy/rename.
On some systems, it is possible to do the copy in the back-
ground by clicking on the background button (or pressing M-b
in the dialog box). The Background Jobs is used to control
the background process.
Link (C-x l)
Create a hard link to the current file.
SymLink (C-x s)
Create a symbolic link to the current file. To those of you
who don't know what links are: creating a link to a file is
a bit like copying the file, but both the source filename
and the destination filename represent the same file image.
For example, if you edit one of these files, all changes you
make will appear in both files. Some people call links
aliases or shortcuts.
A hard link appears as a real file. After making it, there
is no way of telling which one is the original and which is
the link. If you delete either one of them the other one is
still intact. It is very difficult to notice that the files
represent the same image. Use hard links when you don't even
want to know.
A symbolic link is a reference to the name of the original
file. If the original file is deleted the symbolic link is
useless. It is quite easy to notice that the files represent
the same image. The Midnight Commander shows an "@"-sign in
front of the file name if it is a symbolic link to somewhere
(except to directory, where it shows a tilde (~)). The ori-
ginal file which the link points to is shown on mini-status
line if the Show mini-status option is enabled. Use symbolic
links when you want to avoid the confusion that can be
caused by hard links.
Rename/Move (F6)
Pop up an input dialog that defaults to the directory in the
non-selected panel and moves the currently selected file (or
the tagged files if there is at least one tagged file) to
the directory specified by the user in the input dialog.
During the process, you can press C-c or ESC to abort the
operation. For more details look at Copy operation above,
most of the things are quite similar.
On some systems, it is possible to do the copy in the back-
ground by clicking on the background button (or pressing M-b
in the dialog box). The Background Jobs is used to control
the background process.
Mkdir (F7)
Pop up an input dialog and creates the directory specified.
Delete (F8)
Delete the currently selected file or the tagged files in
the currently selected panel. During the process, you can
press C-c or ESC to abort the operation.
Quick cd (M-c) Use the quick cd command if you have full
command line and want to cd somewhere.
Select group (+)
This is used to select (tag) a group of files. The Midnight
Commander will prompt for a regular expression describing
the group. When Shell Patterns are enabled, the regular
expression is much like the filename globbing in the shell
(* standing for zero or more characters and ? standing for
one character). If Shell Patterns is off, then the tagging
of files is done with normal regular expressions (see ed
(1)).
To mark directories instead of files, the expression must
start or end with a '/'.
Unselect group (\)
Used for unselecting a group of files. This is the opposite
of the Select group command.
Quit (F10, Shift-F10)
Terminate the Midnight Commander. Shift-F10 is used when
you want to quit and you are using the shell wrapper.
Shift-F10 will not take you to the last directory you
visited with the Midnight Commander, instead it will stay at
the directory where you started the Midnight Commander.
Quick cd
This command is useful if you have a full command line and
want to cd somewhere without having to yank and paste the
command line. This command pops up a small dialog, where you
enter everything you would enter after cd on the command
line and then you press enter. This features all the things
that are already in the internal cd command.
Command Menu
The Directory tree command shows a tree figure of the direc-
tories.
The Find file command allows you to search for a specific
file. The "Swap panels" command swaps the contents of the
two directory panels.
The "Panels on/off" command shows the output of the last
shell command. This works only on xterm and on Linux and SCO
console.
The Compare directories (C-x d) command compares the direc-
tory panels with each other. You can then use the Copy (F5)
command to make the panels identical. There are three com-
pare methods. The quick method compares only file size and
file date. The thorough method makes a full byte-by-byte
compare. The thorough method is not available if the machine
does not support the mmap(2) system call. The size-only
compare method just compares the file sizes and does not
check the contents or the date times, it just checks the
file size.
The Command history command shows a list of typed commands.
The selected command is copied to the command line. The com-
mand history can also be accessed by typing M-p or M-n.
The Directory hotlist (C-\) command makes changing of the
current directory to often used directories faster.
The External panelize allows you to execute an external pro-
gram, and make the output of that program the contents of
the current panel.
Extension file edit command allows you to specify programs
to executed when you try to execute, view, edit and do a
bunch of other thing on files with certain extensions
(filename endings). The Menu file edit command may be used
for editing the user menu (which appears by pressing F2).
Directory Tree
The Directory Tree command shows a tree figure of the direc-
tories. You can select a directory from the figure and the
Midnight Commander will change to that directory.
There are two ways to invoke the tree. The real directory
tree command is available from Commands menu. The other way
is to select tree view from the Left or Right menu.
To get rid of long delays the Midnight Commander creates the
tree figure by scanning only a small subset of all the
directories. If the directory which you want to see is
missing, move to its parent directory and press C-r (or F2).
You can use the following keys:
General movement keys are accepted.
Enter. In the directory tree, exits the directory tree and
changes to this directory in the current panel. In the tree
view, changes to this directory in the other panel and stays
in tree view mode in the current panel.
C-r, F2 (Rescan). Rescan this directory. Use this when the
tree figure is out of date: it is missing subdirectories or
shows some subdirectories which don't exist any more.
F3 (Forget). Delete this directory from the tree figure. Use
this to remove clutter from the figure. If you want the
directory back to the tree figure press F2 in its parent
directory.
F4 (Static/Dynamic). Toggle between the dynamic navigation
mode (default) and the static navigation mode.
In the static navigation mode you can use the Up and Down
keys to select a directory. All known directories are shown.
In the dynamic navigation mode you can use the Up and Down
keys to select a sibling directory, the Left key to move to
the parent directory, and the Right key to move to a child
directory. Only the parent, sibling and children directories
are shown, others are left out. The tree figure changes
dynamically as you traverse.
F5 (Copy). Copy the directory.
F6 (RenMov). Move the directory.
F7 (Mkdir). Make a new directory below this directory.
F8 (Delete). Delete this directory from the file system.
C-s, M-s. Search the next directory matching the search
string. If there is no such directory these keys will move
one line down.
C-h, Backspace. Delete the last character of the search
string.
Any other character. Add the character to the search string
and move to the next directory which starts with these char-
acters. In the tree view you must first activate the search
mode by pressing C-s. The search string is shown in the mini
status line.
The following actions are available only in the directory
tree. They aren't supported in the tree view.
F1 (Help). Invoke the help viewer and show this section.
Esc, F10. Exit the directory tree. Do not change the direc-
tory.
The mouse is supported. A double-click behaves like Enter.
See also the section on mouse support.
Find File
The Find File feature first asks for the start directory for
the search and the filename to be searched for. By pressing
the Tree button you can select the start directory from the
directory tree figure.
The contents field accepts regular expressions similar to
egrep(1). That means you have to escape characters with a
special meaning to egrep with "\", e.g. if you search for
"strcmp (" you will have to input "strcmp \(" (without the
double quotes).
You can start the search by pressing the Ok button. During
the search you can stop from the Stop button and continue
from the Start button.
You can browse the filelist with the up and down arrow keys.
The Chdir button will change to the directory of the
currently selected file. The Again button will ask for the
parameters for a new search. The Quit button quits the
search operation. The Panelize button will place the found
files to the current directory panel so that you can do
additional operations on them (view, copy, move, delete and
so on). After panelizing you can press C-r to return to the
normal file listing.
It is possible to have a list of directories that the Find
File command should skip during the search (for example, you
may want to avoid searches on a CDROM or on a NFS directory
that is mounted across a slow link).
Directories to be skipped should be set on the variable
find_ignore_dirs in the Misc section of your ~/.mc/ini file.
Directory components should be separated with a colon, here
is an example:
[Misc]
find_ignore_dirs=/cdrom:/nfs/wuarchive:/afs
You may consider using the External panelize command for
some operations. Find file command is for simple queries
only, while using External panelize you can do as mysterious
searches as you would like.
External panelize
The External panelize allows you to execute an external pro-
gram, and make the output of that program the contents of
the current panel.
For example, if you want to manipulate in one of the panels
all the symbolic links in the current directory, you can use
external panelization to run the following command:
find . -type l -print
Upon command completion, the directory contents of the panel
will no longer be the directory listing of the current
directory, but all the files that are symbolic links.
If you want to panelize all of the files that have been
downloaded from your ftp server, you can use this awk com-
mand to extract the file name from the transfer log files:
awk '$9 ~! /incoming/ { print $9 }' < /usr/adm/xferlog
You may want to save often used panelize commands under a
descriptive name, so that you can recall them quickly. You
do this by typing the command on the input line and pressing
Add new button. Then you enter a name under which you want
the command to be saved. Next time, you just choose that
command from the list and do not have to type it again.
Hotlist
The Directory hotlist command shows the labels of the direc-
tories in the directory hotlist. The Midnight Commander will
change to the directory corresponding to the selected label.
From the hotlist dialog, you can remove already created
label/directory pairs and add new one. For adding you may
want to use a standalone Add to hotlist command (C-x h),
which adds the current directory into the directory hotlist,
as well. The user is prompted for a label for the directory.
This makes cd to often used directories faster. You may con-
sider using the CDPATH variable as described in internal cd
command description.
Extension File Edit
This will invoke your editor on the file ~/.mc/ext. The for-
mat of this file is as follows (the format has changed with
version 3.0):
All lines starting with # or empty lines are thrown away.
Lines starting in the first column should have following
format:
keyword/descNL, i.e. everything after keyword/ until new
line is desc
keyword can be:
shell
(desc is then any extension (no wildcards), i.e.
matches all the files *desc . Example: .tar matches
*.tar)
regex
(desc is a regular expression)
type
(file matches this if `file %f` matches regular expres-
sion desc (the filename: part from `file %f` is
removed))
default
(matches any file no matter what desc is)
Other lines should start with a space or tab and should be
of the format:
keyword=commandNL (with no spaces around =), where keyword
should be:
Open (if the user presses Enter or doubleclicks it), View
(F3), Edit (F4), Drop (user drops some files on it) or any
other user defined name (those will be listed in the exten-
sion dependent pop-up menu). Icon name is reserved for
future use by mc.
command is any one-line shell command, with the simple macro
substitution.
Target are evaluated from top to bottom (order is thus
important). If some actions are missing, search continues
as if this target didn't match (i.e. if a file matches the
first and second entry and View action is missing in the
first one, then on pressing F3 the View action from the
second entry will be used. default should catch all the
actions.
Background jobs
This lets you control the state of any background Midnight
Commander process (only copy and move files operations can
be done in the background). You can stop, restart and kill
a background job from here.
Menu File Edit
The user menu is a menu of useful actions that can be cus-
tomized by the user. When you access the user menu, the file
.mc.menu from the current directory is used if it exists,
but only if it is owned by user or root and is not world-
writable. If no such file found, ~/.mc/menu is tried in the
same way, and otherwise mc uses the default system-wide menu
/usr/local/lib/mc/mc.menu.
The format of the menu file is very simple. Lines that start
with anything but space or tab are considered entries for
the menu (in order to be able to use it like a hot key, the
first character should be a letter). All the lines that
start with a space or a tab are the commands that will be
executed when the entry is selected.
When an option is selected all the command lines of the
option are copied to a temporary file in the temporary
directory (usually /usr/tmp) and then that file is executed.
This allows the user to put normal shell constructs in the
menus. Also simple macro substitution takes place before
executing the menu code. For more information, see macro
substitution.
Here is a sample mc.menu file:
A Dump the currently selected file
od -c %f
B Edit a bug report and send it to root
vi /tmp/mail.$$
mail -s "Midnight Commander bug" root < /tmp/mail.$$
M Read mail
emacs -f rmail
N Read Usenet news
emacs -f gnus
H Call the info hypertext browser
info
J Copy current directory to other panel recursively
tar cf - . | (cd %D && tar xvpf -)
K Make a release of the current subdirectory
echo -n "Name of distribution file: "
read tar
ln -s %d `dirname %d`/$tar
cd ..
tar cvhf ${tar}.tar $tar
= f *.tar.gz | f *.tgz & t n
X Extract the contents of a compressed tar file
tar xzvf %f
Default Conditions
Each menu entry may be preceded by a condition. The condi-
tion must start from the first column with a '=' character.
If the condition is true, the menu entry will be the default
entry.
Condition syntax: = <sub-cond>
or: = <sub-cond> | <sub-cond> ...
or: = <sub-cond> & <sub-cond> ...
Sub-condition is one of following:
y <pattern> syntax of current file matching pattern?
for edit menu only.
f <pattern> current file matching pattern?
F <pattern> other file matching pattern?
d <pattern> current directory matching pattern?
D <pattern> other directory matching pattern?
t <type> current file of type?
T <type> other file of type?
x <filename> is it executable filename?
! <sub-cond> negate the result of sub-condition
Pattern is a normal shell pattern or a regular expression,
according to the shell patterns option. You can override the
global value of the shell patterns option by writing
"shell_patterns=x" on the first line of the menu file (where
"x" is either 0 or 1).
Type is one or more of the following characters:
n not directory
r regular file
d directory
l link
c char special
b block special
f fifo
s socket
x executable
t tagged
For example 'rlf' means either regular file, link or fifo.
The 't' type is a little special because it acts on the
panel instead of the file. The condition '=t t' is true if
there are tagged files in the current panel and false if
not.
If the condition starts with '=?' instead of '=' a debug
trace will be shown whenever the value of the condition is
calculated.
The conditions are calculated from left to right. This means
= f *.tar.gz | f *.tgz & t n
is calculated as
( (f *.tar.gz) | (f *.tgz) ) & (t n)
Here is a sample of the use of conditions:
= f *.tar.gz | f *.tgz & t n
L List the contents of a compressed tar-archive
gzip -cd %f | tar xvf -
Addition Conditions
If the condition begins with '+' (or '+?') instead of '='
(or '=?') it is an addition condition. If the condition is
true the menu entry will be included in the menu. If the
condition is false the menu entry will not be included in
the menu.
You can combine default and addition conditions by starting
condition with '+=' or '=+' (or '+=?' or '=+?' if you want
debug trace). If you want to use two different conditions,
one for adding and another for defaulting, you can precede a
menu entry with two condition lines, one starting with '+'
and another starting with '='.
Comments are started with '#'. The additional comment lines
must start with '#', space or tab.
Options Menu
The Midnight Commander has some options that may be toggled
on and off in several dialogs which are accessible from this
menu. Options are enabled if they have an asterisk or "x" in
front of them.
The Configuration command pops up a dialog from which you
can change most of settings of the Midnight Commander.
The Display bits command pops up a dialog from which you may
select which characters is your terminal able to display.
The Confirmation command pops up a dialog from which you
specify which actions you want to confirm.
The Learn keys command pops up a dialog from which you test
some keys which are not working on some terminals and you
may fix them.
The Virtual FS command pops up a dialog from which you
specify some VFS related options.
The Layout command pops up a dialog from which you specify a
bunch of options how mc looks like on the screen.
The Save setup command saves the current settings of the
Left, Right and Options menus. A small number of other set-
tings is saved, too.
Configuration
The options in this dialog are divided into three groups:
Panel Options, Pause after run and Other Options.
Panel Options
Show Backup Files. By default the Midnight Commander doesn't
show files ending in '~' (like GNU's ls option -B).
Show Hidden Files. By default the Midnight Commander will
show all files that start with a dot (like ls -a).
Mark moves down. By default when you mark a file (with
either C-t or the Insert key) the selection bar will move
down.
Drop down menus. When this option is enabled, when you press
the F9 key, the pull down menus will be activated, else, you
will only be presented with the menu title, and you will
have to select the entry with the arrow keys or the first
letter and from there select your option in the menu.
Mix all files. When this option is enabled, all files and
directories are shown mixed together. If the option is off,
directories (and links to directories) are shown at the
beginning of the listing, and other files afterwards.
Fast directory reload. This option is off by default. If you
activate the fast reload, the Midnight Commander will use a
trick to determine if the directory contents have changed.
The trick is to reload the directory only if the i-node of
the directory has changed; this means that reloads only hap-
pen when files are created or deleted. If what changes is
the i-node for a file in the directory (file size changes,
mode or owner changes, etc) the display is not updated. In
these cases, if you have the option on, you have to rescan
the directory manually (with C-r).
Pause after run
After executing your commands, the Midnight Commander can
pause, so that you can examine the output of the command.
There are three possible settings for this variable:
Never Means that you do not want to see the output of
your command. If you are using the Linux or SCO con-
sole or an xterm, you will be able to see the output of
the command by typing C-o.
On dumb terminals You will get the pause message on
terminals that are not capable of showing the output of
the last command executed (any terminal that is not an
xterm or the Linux console).
Always The program will pause after executing all of
your commands.
Other Options
Verbose operation. This toggles whether the file Copy,
Rename and Delete operations are verbose (i.e., display a
dialog box for each operation). If you have a slow terminal,
you may wish to disable the verbose operation. It is
automatically turned off if the speed of your terminal is
less than 9600 bps.
Compute totals. If this option is enabled, the Midnight Com-
mander computes total byte sizes and total number of files
prior to any Copy, Rename and Delete operations. This will
provide you with a more accurate progress bar at the expense
of some speed. This option has no effect, if Verbose opera-
tion is disabled.
Shell Patterns. By default the Select, Unselect and Filter
commands will use shell-like regular expressions. The fol-
lowing conversions are performed to achieve this: the '*' is
replaced by '.*' (zero or more characters); the '?' is
replaced by '.' (exactly one character) and '.' by the
literal dot. If the option is disabled, then the regular
expressions are the ones described in ed(1).
Auto Save Setup. If this option is enabled, when you exit
the Midnight Commander the configurable options of the Mid-
night Commander are saved in the ~/.mc/ini file.
Auto menus. If this option is enabled, the user menu will be
invoked at startup. Useful for building menus for non-
unixers.
Use internal editor. If this option is enabled, the built-in
file editor is used to edit files. If the option is dis-
abled, the editor specified in the EDITOR environment vari-
able is used. If no editor is specified, vi is used. See
the section on the internal file editor.
Use internal viewer. If this option is enabled, the built-in
file viewer is used to view files. If the option is dis-
abled, the pager specified in the PAGER environment variable
is used. If no pager is specified, the view command is
used. See the section on the internal file viewer.
Complete: show all. By default the Midnight Commander pops
up all possible completions if the completion is ambiguous
if you press M-Tab for the second time, for the first time
it just completes as much as possible and in the case of
ambiguity beeps. If you want to see all the possible comple-
tions already after the first M-Tab pressing, enable this
option.
Rotating dash. If this option is enabled, the Midnight Com-
mander shows a rotating dash in the upper right corner as a
work in progress indicator.
Lynx-like motion. If this option is enabled, you may use the
arrows keys to automatically chdir if the current selection
is a subdirectory and the shell command line is empty. By
default, this setting is off.
Advanced chown. If this option is enabled, the Advanced
Chown command will be invoked if you run the Chmod
or Chown command.
Cd follows links. This option, if set, causes the Midnight
Commander to follow the logical chain of directories when
changing current directory either in the panels, or using
the cd command. This is the default behavior of bash. When
unset, the Midnight Commander follows the real directory
structure, so cd .. if you've entered that directory through
a link will move you to the current directory's real parent
and not to the directory where the link was present.
Safe delete. If this option is enabled, deleting files unin-
tentionally will get more difficult. The default selection
in the confirmation dialog changes from the "Yes" to the
"No" button and deletion of non empty directories has to be
confirmed by entering the word yes . By default this option
is disabled.
Display bits
This is used to configure the range of visible characters on
the screen. This setting may be 7-bits if your
terminal/curses supports only seven output bits, ISO-8859-1
displays all the characters in the ISO-8859-1 map and full 8
bits is for those terminals that can display full 8 bit
characters.
Confirmation
In this menu you configure the confirmation options for file
deletion, overwriting, execution by pressing enter and quit-
ting the program.
Learn keys
This dialog lets you test if your keys F1-F20, Home, End,
etc. work properly on your terminal. They often don't, since
many terminal databases are broken.
You can move around with the Tab key, with the vi moving
keys ('h' left, 'j' down, 'k' up and 'l' right) and after
you press any arrow key once (this will mark it OK), then
you can use that key as well.
You test them just by pressing each of them. As soon as you
press a key and the key works properly, OK should appear
next to the name of that key. Once a key is marked OK it
starts to work as usually, e.g. F1 for the first time will
just check that F1 works OK, but from that time on it will
show help. The same applies to the arrow keys. Tab key
should be working always.
If some keys do not work properly, then you won't see OK
after the key name after you have pressed that key. You may
then want to fix it. You do it by pressing the button of
that key (either by mouse or using Tab and Enter). Then a
red message will appear and you will be asked to type that
key. If you want to abort this, press just Esc and wait
until the message disappears. Otherwise type the key you're
asked to type and also wait until the dialog disappears.
When you finish with all the keys, you may want either to
Save your key fixes into your ~/.mc/ini file into the
[terminal:TERM] section (where TERM is the name of your
current terminal) or to discard them. If all your keys were
working properly and you had not to fix any key, then (of
course) no saving will occur.
Virtual FS
This option gives you control over the settings of the Vir-
tual File System information cache.
The Midnight Commander keeps in memory the information
related to some of the virtual file systems to speed up the
access to the files in the file system (for example, direc-
tory listings fetched from ftp servers).
Moreover in order to access the contents of compressed files
(for example, compressed tar files) the Midnight Commander
has to create a temporary uncompressed file on your disk.
Since both the information in memory and the temporary files
on disk take up resources, you may want to tune the parame-
ters of the cached information to decrease your resource
usage or to maximize the speed of access to frequently used
file systems.
The Tar file system is quite clever about how it handles tar
files: it just loads the directory entries and when it needs
to use the information contained in the tar file, it goes
and grab it.
In the wild, tar files are usually kept compressed (plain
tar files are species in extinction), and because of the
nature of those files (the directory entries for the tar
files is not there waiting for us to be loaded), the tar
file system has to uncompress the file on the disk in a tem-
porary location and then access the uncompressed file as a
regular tar file.
Now, since we all love to browse files and tar files all
over the disk, it's common that you will leave a tar file
and the re-enter it later. Since uncompression is slow, the
Midnight Commander will cache the information in memory for
a limited amount of time, after you hit the timeout, all of
the resources associated with the file system will be freed.
The default timeout is set to one minute.
The FTP File System keeps the directory listing it fetches
from a ftp server in a cache. The cache expire time is con-
figurable with the ftpfs directory cache timeout option. A
low value for this option may slow down every operation on
the ftp file System because every operation is accompanied
by a query of the ftp server.
Moreover you can define a proxy host for doing ftp transfers
and configure the Midnight Commander to always use the proxy
host. See the section on FTP File System for more informa-
tion.
Layout
The layout dialog gives you a possibility to change the gen-
eral layout of screen. You can specify whether the menubar,
the command prompt, the hintbar and the function keybar are
visible. On the Linux or SCO console you can specify how
many lines are shown in the output window.
The rest of the screen area is used for the two directory
panels. You can specify whether the area is split to the
panels in vertical or horizontal direction. The split can be
equal or you can specify an unequal split.
By default all contents of the directory panels are
displayed with the same color, but you can specify whether
permissions and file types are highlighted with special
Colors. If permission highlighting is enabled, the parts of
the perm and mode display fields which are valid for the
user running Midnight Commander are highlighted with the
color defined with the selected keyword. If file type
highlighting is enabled, files are colored according to
their file type (e.g. directory, core file, executable,
...).
If the Show Mini-Status option is enabled, one line of
status information about the currently selected item is
showed at the bottom of the panels.
Save Setup
At startup the Midnight Commander will try to load initiali-
zation information from the ~/.mc/ini file. If this file
doesn't exist, it will load the information from the
system-wide configuration file, located in
/usr/local/lib/mc/mc.ini. If the system-wide configuration
file doesn't exist, MC uses the default settings.
The Save Setup command creates the ~/.mc/ini file by saving
the current settings of the Left, Right and Options menus.
If you activate the auto save setup option, MC will always
save the current settings when exiting.
There also exist settings which can't be changed from the
menus. To change these settings you have to edit the setup
file with your favorite editor. See the section on Special
Settings for more information.
Executing operating system commands
You may execute commands by typing them directly in the Mid-
night Commander's input line, or by selecting the program
you want to execute with the selection bar in one of the
panels and hitting Enter.
If you press Enter over a file that is not executable, the
Midnight Commander checks the extension of the selected file
against the extensions in the Extensions File. If a match
is found then the code associated with that extension is
executed. A very simple macro expansion takes place before
executing the command.
The cd internal command
The cd command is interpreted by the Midnight Commander, it
is not passed to the command shell for execution. Thus it
may not handle all of the nice macro expansion and substitu-
tion that your shell does, although it does some of them:
Tilde substitution The (~) will be substituted with your
home directory, if you append a username after the tilde,
then it will be substituted with the login directory of the
the specified user.
For example, ~guest is the home directory for the user
guest, while ~/guest is the directory guest in your home
directory.
Previous directory You can jump to the directory you were
previously by using the special directory name '-' like
this: cd -
CDPATH directories If the directory specified to the cd com-
mand is not in the current directory, then The Midnight Com-
mander uses the value in the environment variable CDPATH to
search for the directory in any of the named directories.
For example you could set your CDPATH variable to
~/src:/usr/src, allowing you to change your directory to any
of the directories inside the ~/src and /usr/src direc-
tories, from any place in the file system by using it's
relative name (for example cd linux could take you to
/usr/src/linux).
Macro Substitution
When accessing a user menu, or executing an extension depen-
dent command, or running a command from the command line
input, a simple macro substitution takes place.
The macros are:
%i
The indent of blank space, equal the cursor column
position. For edit menu only.
%y
The syntax type of current file. For edit menu only.
%k
The block file name.
%e
The error file name.
%m
The current menu name.
%f
The current file name.
%x
The extension of current file name.
%b
The current file name without extension.
%d
The current directory name.
%F
The current file in the unselected panel.
%D
The directory name of the unselected panel.
%t
The currently tagged files.
%T
The tagged files in the unselected panel.
%u and %U
Similar to the %t and %T macros, but in addition the
files are untagged. You can use this macro only once
per menu file entry or extension file entry, because
next time there will be no tagged files.
%s and %S
The selected files: The tagged files if there are any.
Otherwise the current file.
%q
Dropped files. In all places except in the Drop action
of the mc.ext file, this will become a null string, in
the Drop action it will be replaced with a space
separated list of files that were dropped on the file.
%cd
This is a special macro that is used to change the
current directory to the directory specified in front
of it. This is used primarily as an interface to the
Virtual File System.
%view
This macro is used to invoke the internal viewer. This
macro can be used alone, or with arguments. If you
pass any arguments to this macro, they should be
enclosed in brackets.
The arguments are: ascii to force the viewer into ascii
mode; hex to force the viewer into hex mode; nroff to
tell the viewer that it should interpret the bold and
underline sequences of nroff; unformatted to tell the
viewer to not interpret nroff commands for making the
text bold or underlined.
%%
The % character
%{some text}
Prompt for the substitution. An input box is shown and
the text inside the braces is used as a prompt. The
macro is substituted by the text typed by the user. The
user can press ESC or F10 to cancel. This macro doesn't
work on the command line yet.
The subshell support
The subshell support is a compile time option, that works
with the shells: bash, tcsh and zsh.
When the subshell code is activated the Midnight Commander
will spawn a concurrent copy of your shell (the one defined
in the SHELL variable and if it is not defined, then the one
in the /etc/passwd file) and run it in a pseudo terminal,
instead of invoking a new shell each time you execute a com-
mand, the command will be passed to the subshell as if you
had typed it. This also allows you to change the environ-
ment variables, use shell functions and define aliases that
are valid until you quit the Midnight Commander.
If you are using bash you can specify startup commands for
the subshell in your ~/.mc/bashrc file and special keyboard
maps in the ~/.mc/inputrc file. tcsh users may specify
startup commands in the ~/.mc/tcshrc file.
When the subshell code is used, you can suspend applications
at any time with the sequence C-o and jump back to the Mid-
night Commander, if you interrupt an application, you will
not be able to run other external commands until you quit
the application you interrupted.
An extra added feature of using the subshell is that the
prompt displayed by the Midnight Commander is the same
prompt that you are currently using in your shell.
The OPTIONS section has more information on how you can con-
trol the subshell code.
Controlling Midnight Commander
The Midnight Commander defines an environment variable
MC_CONTROL_FILE. The commands executed by MC may give
instructions to MC by writing to the file specified by this
variable. This is only available if you compiled your copy
of the Midnight Commander with the WANT_PARSE option.
The following instructions are supported.
clear_tags Clear all tags.
tag <filename> Tag specified file.
untag <filename> Untag specified file.
select <filename> Move pointer to file.
change_panel Switch between panels.
cd <path> Change directory.
If the first letter of the instruction is in lower case it
operates on the current panel. If the letter is in upper
case the instruction operates on the other panel. The addi-
tional letters must be in lower case. Instructions must be
separated by exactly one space, tab or newline. The instruc-
tions don't work in the Info, Tree and Quick views. The
first error causes the rest to be ignored.
Chmod
The Chmod window is used to change the attribute bits in a
group of files and directories. It can be invoked with the
C-x c key combination.
The Chmod window has two parts - Permissions and File
In the File section are displayed the name of the file or
directory and its permissions in octal form, as well as its
owner and group.
In the Permissions section there is a set of check buttons
which correspond to the file attribute bits. As you change
the attribute bits, you can see the octal value change in
the File section.
To move between the widgets (buttons and check buttons) use
the arrow keys or the Tab key. To change the state of the
check buttons or to select a button use Space. You can also
use the hotkeys on the buttons to quickly activate that
selection (they are the highlit letters on the buttons).
To set the attribute bits, use the Enter key.
When working with a group of files or directories, you just
click on the bits you want to set or clear. Once you have
selected the bits you want to change, you select one of the
action buttons (Set marked or Clear marked).
Finally, to set the attributes exactly to those specified,
you can use the [Set all] button, which will act on all the
tagged files.
[Marked all] set only marked attributes to all selected
files
[Set marked] set marked bits in attributes of all selected
files
[Clean marked] clear marked bits in attributes of all
selected files
[Set] set the attributes of one file
[Cancel] cancel the Chmod command
Chown
The Chown command is used to change the owner/group of a
file. The hot key for this command is C-x o.
Advanced Chown
The Advanced Chown command is the Chmod and Chown command
combined into one window. You can change the permissions and
owner/group of files at once.
File Operations
When you copy, move or delete files the Midnight Commander
shows the file operations dialog. It shows the files
currently being operated on and there are at most three pro-
gress bars. The file bar tells how big part of the current
file has been copied so far. The count bar tells how many of
tagged files have been handled so far. The bytes bar tells
how big part of total size of the tagged files has been han-
dled so far. If the verbose option is off the file and bytes
bars are not shown.
There are two buttons at the bottom of the dialog. Pressing
the Skip button will skip the rest of the current file.
Pressing the Abort button will abort the whole operation,
the rest of the files are skipped.
There are three other dialogs which you can run into during
the file operations.
The error dialog informs about error conditions and has
three choices. Normally you select either the Skip button to
skip the file or the Abort button to abort the operation
altogether. You can also select the Retry button if you
fixed the problem from another terminal.
The replace dialog is shown when you attempt to copy or move
a file on the top of an existing file. The dialog shows the
dates and sizes of the both files. Press the Yes button to
overwrite the file, the No button to skip the file, the alL
button to overwrite all the files, the nonE button to never
overwrite and the Update button to overwrite if the source
file is newer than the target file. You can abort the whole
operation by pressing the Abort button.
The recursive delete dialog is shown when you try to delete
a directory which is not empty. Press the Yes button to
delete the directory recursively, the No button to skip the
directory, the alL button to delete all the directories and
the nonE button to skip all the non-empty directories. You
can abort the whole operation by pressing the Abort button.
If you selected the Yes or alL button you will be asked for
a confirmation. Type "yes" only if you are really sure you
want to do the recursive delete.
If you have tagged files and perform an operation on them
only the files on which the operation succeeded are
untagged. Failed and skipped files are left tagged.
Mask Copy/Rename
The copy/move operations lets you translate the names of
files in an easy way. To do it, you have to specify the
correct source mask and usually in the trailing part of the
destination specify some wildcards. All the files matching
the source mask are copied/renamed according to the target
mask. If there are tagged files, only the tagged files
matching the source mask are renamed.
There are other option which you can set:
Follow links tells whether make the symlinks and hardlinks
in the source directory (recursively in subdirectories) new
links in the target directory or whether would you like to
copy their content.
Dive into subdirs tells what to do if in the target direc-
tory exists a directory with the same name as the
file/directory being copied. The default action is to copy
it's content into that directory, by enabling this you can
copy the source directory into that directory. Perhaps an
example will help:
You want to copy content of a directory foo to /bla/foo,
which is an already existing directory. Normally (when Dive
is not set), mc would copy it exactly into /bla/foo. By ena-
bling this option you will copy the content into
/bla/foo/foo, because the directory already exists.
Preserve attributes tells whether to preserve the original
files' permissions, timestamps and if you are root whether
to preserve the original files' UID and GID. If this option
is not set the current value of the umask will be respected.
Use shell patterns on
When the shell patterns option is on you can use the '*' and
'?' wildcards in the source mask. They work like they do in
the shell. In the target mask only the '*' and '\<digit>'
wildcards are allowed. The first '*' wildcard in the target
mask corresponds to the first wildcard group in the source
mask, the second '*' corresponds to the second group and so
on. The '\1' wildcard corresponds to the first wildcard
group in the source mask, the '\2' wildcard corresponds to
the second group and so on all the way up to '\9'. The '\0'
wildcard is the whole filename of the source file.
Two examples:
If the source mask is "*.tar.gz", the destination is
"/bla/*.tgz" and the file to be copied is "foo.tar.gz", the
copy will be "foo.tgz" in "/bla".
Let's suppose you want to swap basename and extension so
that "file.c" will become "c.file" and so on. The source
mask for this is "*.*" and the destination is "\2.\1".
Use shell patterns off
When the shell patterns option is off the MC doesn't do
automatic grouping anymore. You must use '\(...\)' expres-
sions in the source mask to specify meaning for the wild-
cards in the target mask. This is more flexible but also
requires more typing. Otherwise target masks are similar to
the situation when the shell patterns option is on.
Two examples:
If the source mask is "^\(.*\)\.tar\.gz$", the destination
is "/bla/*.tgz" and the file to be copied is "foo.tar.gz",
the copy will be "/bla/foo.tgz".
Let's suppose you want to swap basename and extension so
that "file.c" will become "c.file" and so on. The source
mask for this is "^\(.*\)\.\(.*\)$" and the destination is
"\2.\1".
Case Conversions
You can also change the case of the filenames. If you use
'\u' or uppercase or lowercase correspondingly.
If you use '\U' or '\L' in the target mask the next charac-
ters will be converted to uppercase or lowercase correspond-
ingly up to the next
The '\u' and '\l' are stronger than '\U' and '\L'.
For example, if the source mask is '*' (shell patterns on)
or '^\(.*\)$' (shell patterns off) and the target mask is
'\L\u*' the file names will be converted to have initial
upper case and otherwise lower case.
You can also use '\' as a quote character. For example, '\\'
is a backslash and '\*' is an asterisk.
Internal File Viewer
The internal file viewer provides two display modes: ASCII
and hex. To toggle between modes, use the F4 key. If you
have the GNU gzip program installed, it will be used to
automatically decompress the files on demand.
The viewer will try to use the best method provided by your
system or the file type to display the information. The
internal file viewer will interpret some string sequences to
set the bold and underline attributes, thus making a pretty
display of your files.
When in hex mode, the search function accepts text in quotes
as well as hexadecimal constants.
You can mix quoted text with constants like this: "String"
0xFE 0xBB "more text". Text between constants and quoted
text is just ignored.
Some internal details about the viewer: On systems that pro-
vide the mmap(2) system call, the program maps the file
instead of loading it; if the system does not provide the
mmap(2) system call or the file matches an action that
requires a filter, then the viewer will use it's growing
buffers, thus loading only those parts of the file that you
actually access (this includes compressed files).
Here is a listing of the actions associated with each key
that the Midnight Commander handles in the internal file
viewer.
F1 Invoke the builtin hypertext help viewer.
F2 Toggle the wrap mode.
F4 Toggle the hex mode.
F5 Goto line. This will prompt you for a line number and
will display that line.
F6, /. Regular expression search.
?, Reverse regular expression search.
F7 Normal search / hex mode search.
C-s. Start normal search if there was no previous search
expression else find next match.
C-r. Start reverse search if there was no previous search
expression else find next match.
n. Find next match.
F8 Toggle Raw/Parsed mode: This will show the file as found
on disk or if a processing filter has been specified in the
mc.ext file, then the output from the filter. Current mode
is always the other than written on the button label, since
on the button is the mode which you enter by that key.
F9 Toggle the format/unformat mode: when format mode is on
the viewer will interpret some string sequences to show bold
and underline with different colors. Also, on button label
is the other mode than current.
F10, Esc. Exit the internal file viewer.
next-page, space, C-v. Scroll one page forward.
prev-page, M-v, C-b, backspace. Scroll one page backward.
down-key Scroll one line forward.
up-key Scroll one line backward.
C-l Refresh the screen.
! Spawn a shell in the currently working directory.
[n] m Set the mark n.
[n] r Jump to the mark n.
C-f Jump to the next file.
C-b Jump to the previous file.
M-r Toggle the ruler.
It's possible to instruct the file viewer how to display a
file, look at the Extension File Edit section
Internal File Editor
The internal file editor provides most of the features of
common full screen editors. It is invoked using F4 provided
the use_internal_edit option is set in the initialization
file. It has an extensible file size limit of sixteen mega-
bytes and edits binary files flawlessly.
The features it presently supports are: Block copy, move,
delete, cut, paste; key for key undo ; pull-down menus; file
insertion; macro definition; regular expression search and
replace (and our own scanf-printf search and replace);
shift-arrow MSW-MAC text highlighting (for the linux console
only); insert-overwrite toggle; and an option to pipe text
blocks through shell commands like indent.
The editor is very easy to use and requires no tutoring. To
see what keys do what, just consult the appropriate pull-
down menu. Other keys are: Shift movement keys do text
highlighting. Ctrl-Ins copies to the file cooledit.clip and
Shift-Ins pastes from cooledit.clip. Shift-Del cuts to
cooledit.clip, and Ctrl-Del deletes highlighted text. The
completion key also does a Return with an automatic indent.
Mouse highlighting also works, and you can override the
mouse as usual by holding down the shift key while dragging
the mouse to let normal terminal mouse highlighting work.
To define a macro, press Ctrl-R
and then type out the key strokes you want to be executed.
Press Ctrl-R
again when finished. You can then assign the macro to any
key you like by pressing that key. The macro is executed
when you press Ctrl-A and then the assigned key. you press
Meta, Ctrl, or Esc and the assigned key, provided that the
key is not used for any other function. Once defined, the
macro commands go into the file cedit/cooledit.macros
in your home directory. You can delete a macro by deleting
the appropriate line in this file.
F19 will format C code when to work, make an executable file
called cedit/edit.indent.rc in your home directory contain-
ing the following:
#!/bin/sh
/usr/bin/indent -kr -pcs ~/cedit/cooledit.block >& /dev/null
cat /dev/null > ~/cedit/cooledit.error
You can use scanf search and replace to search and replace a
C format string. First take a look at the sscanf and sprintf
man pages to see what is and how it works. An example is as
follows: Suppose you want to replace all occurrences of say,
an open bracket, three comma separated numbers, and a close
bracket, with the word apples, the third number, the word
oranges and then the second number, I would fill in the
Replace dialog box as follows:
Enter search string
(%d,%d,%d)
Enter replace string
apples %d oranges %d
Enter replacement argument order
3,2
The last line specifies that the third and then the second
number are to be used in place of the first and second.
It is advisable to use this feature with Prompt on replace
on, because a match is thought to be found whenever the
number of arguments found matches the number given, which is
not always a real match. Scanf also treats whitespace as
being elastic. Note that the scanf format % is very useful
for scanning strings, and whitespace.
The editor also displays non-us characters (160+). When
editing binary files, you should set display bits to 7 bits
in the options menu to keep the spacing clean.
See also the file README.edit in the source tree for some
more info.
Completion
Let the Midnight Commander type for you.
Attempt to perform completion on the text before current
position. MC attempts completion treating the text as vari-
able (if the text begins with $ ), username (if the text
begins with ~ ), hostname (if the text begins with @ ) or
command (if you are on the command line in the position
where you might type a command, possible completions then
include shell reserved words and shell builtin commands as
well) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename
completion is attempted.
Filename, username, variable and hostname completion works
on all input lines, command completion is command line
specific. If the completion is ambiguous (there are more
different possibilities), MC beeps and the following action
depends on the setting of the Complete: show all option in
the Configuration dialog. If it is enabled, a list of all
possibilities pops up next to the current position and you
can select with the arrow keys and Enter the correct entry.
You can also type the first letters in which the possibili-
ties differ to move to a subset of all possibilities and
complete as much as possible. If you press M-Tab again, only
the subset will be shown in the listbox, otherwise the first
item which matches all the previous characters will be
highlighted. As soon as there is no ambiguity, dialog disap-
pears, but you can hide it by canceling keys Esc, F10 and
left and right arrow keys. If Complete: show all is dis-
abled, the dialog pops up only if you press M-Tab for the
second time, for the first time MC just beeps.
Virtual File System
The Midnight Commander is provided with a code layer to
access the file system; this code layer is known as the vir-
tual file system switch. The virtual file system switch
allows the Midnight Commander to manipulate files not
located on the Unix file system.
Currently the Midnight Commander is packaged with some Vir-
tual File Systems (VFS): the local file system, used for
accessing the regular Unix file system; the ftpfs, used to
manipulate files on remote systems with the FTP protocol;
the tarfs, used to manipulate tar and compressed tar files;
the undelfs, used to recover deleted files on ext2 file sys-
tems (the default file system for Linux systems), fish (for
manipulating files over shell connections such as rsh and
ssh) and finally the mcfs (Midnight Commander file system),
a network based file system.
The VFS switch code will interpret all of the path names
used and will forward them to the correct file system, the
formats used for each one of the file systems is described
later in their own section.
FTP File System
The ftpfs allows you to manipulate files on remote machines,
to actually use it, you may try to use the panel command FTP
link (accessible from the menubar) or you may directly
change your current directory to it using the cd command to
a path name that looks like this:
/#ftp:[!][user[:pass]@]machine[:port][remote-dir]
The, user, port and remote-dir elements are optional. If
you specify the user element, then the Midnight Commander
will try to logon on the remote machine as that user, other-
wise it will use your login name. The optional pass ele-
ment, if present is the password used for the connection.
This use is not recommended (nor keeping this in your
hotlist, unless you set the appropriate permissions there,
and then, it may not be entirely safe anyways).
Examples:
/#ftp:ftp.nuclecu.unam.mx/linux/local
/#ftp:tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages
/#ftp:!behind.firewall.edu/pub
/#ftp:[email protected]:40/pub
/#ftp:miguel:xxx@server/pub
To connect to sites behind a firewall, you will need to use
the prefix ftp://! (ie, with a bang character after the dou-
ble slash) to make the Midnight Commander use a proxy host
for doing the ftp transfer. You can define the proxy host
in the Virtual File System dialog box.
Another option to set is the Always use ftp proxy option in
the Virtual File System dialog box. This will configure the
program to always use the proxy host. If this variable is
set, the program will do two things: consult the
/usr/local/lib/mc.no_proxy file for lines containing host
names that are local (if the host name starts with a dot, it
is assumed to be a domain) and to assume that any hostnames
without dots in their names are directly accessible.
If you are using the ftpfs code with a filtering packet
router that does not allow you to use the regular mode of
opening files, you may want to force the program to use the
passive-open mode. To use this, set the
ftpfs_use_passive_connections option in the initialization
file.
The Midnight Commander keeps the directory listing in a
cache. The cache expire time is configurable in the Virtual
File System dialog box. This has the funny behavior that
even if you make changes to a directory, they will not be
reflected in the directory listing until you force a cache
reload with the C-r key. This is a feature (when you think
it's a bug, think about manipulating files on the other side
of the Atlantic with ftpfs).
Tar File System
The tar file system provides you with read-only access to
your tar files and compressed tar files by using the chdir
command. To change your directory to a tar file, you change
your current directory to the tar file by using the follow-
ing syntax:
/filename.tar:utar/[dir-inside-tar]
The mc.ext file already provides a shortcut for tar files,
this means that usually you just point to a tar file and
press return to enter into the tar file, see the Extension
File Edit section for details on how this is done.
Examples:
mc-3.0.tar.gz#utar/mc-3.0/vfs
/ftp/GCC/gcc-2.7.0.tar#utar
The latter specifies the full path of the tar archive.
FIle transfer over SHell filesystem
The fish file system is a network based file system that
allows you to manipulate the files in a remote machine as if
they were local. To use this, the other side has to either
run fish server, or has to have bash-compatible shell.
To connect to a remote machine, you just need to chdir into
a special directory which name is in the following format:
/#sh:[user@]machine[:options];/[remote-dir];</em>
The, user, options and remote-dir
elements are optional. If you specify the user element then
the Midnight Commander will try to logon on the remote
machine as that user, otherwise it will use your login name.
The options are 'C' - use compression and 'rsh' use rsh
instead of ssh. If the remote-dir element is present, your
current directory on the remote machine will be set to this
one.
Examples:
/#sh:onlyrsh.mx:r/linux/local
/#sh:[email protected]:C/private
/#sh:[email protected]/private
Network File System
The Midnight Commander file system is a network base file
system that allows you to manipulate the files in a remote
machine as if they were local. To use this, the remote
machine must be running the mcserv(8) server program.
To connect to a remote machine, you just need to chdir into
a special directory which name is in the following format:
/#mc:[user@]machine[:port][remote-dir]
The, user, port and remote-dir elements are optional. If
you specify the user element then the Midnight Commander
will try to logon on the remote machine as that user, other-
wise it will use your login name.
The port element is used when the remote machine running on
a special port (see the mcserv(8) manual page for more
information about ports); finally, if the remote-dir element
is present, your current directory on the remote machine
will be set to this one.
Examples:
/#mc:ftp.nuclecu.unam.mx/linux/local
/#mc:[email protected]:11321/private
Undelete File System
On Linux systems, if you asked configure to use the ext2fs
undelete facilities, you will have the undelete file system
available. Recovery of deleted files is only available on
ext2 file systems. The undelete file system is just an
interface to the ext2fs library to: retrieve all of the
deleted files names on an ext2fs and provides and to extract
the selected files into a regular partition.
To use this file system, you have to chdir into the special
file name formed by the "/#undel" prefix and the file name
where the actual file system resides.
For example, to recover deleted files on the second parti-
tion of the first scsi disk on Linux, you would use the fol-
lowing path name:
/#undel:sda2
It may take a while for the undelfs to load the required
information before you start browsing files there.
Colors
The Midnight Commander will try to detect if your terminal
supports color using the terminal database and your terminal
name. Sometimes it gets confused, so you may force color
mode or disable color mode using the -c and -b flag respec-
tively.
If the program is compiled with the Slang screen manager
instead of ncurses, it will also check the variable COLOR-
TERM, if it is set, it has the same effect as the -c flag.
You may specify terminals that always force color mode by
adding the color_terminals variable to the Colors section of
the initialization file. This will prevent the Midnight Com-
mander from trying to detect if your terminal supports
color. Example:
[Colors]
color_terminals=linux,xterm
color_terminals=terminal-name1,terminal-name2...
The program can be compiled with both ncurses and slang,
ncurses does not provide a way to force color mode: ncurses
uses just the information in the terminal database.
The Midnight Commander provides a way to change the default
colors. Currently the colors are configured using the
environment variable MC_COLOR_TABLE or the Colors section in
the initialization file.
In the Colors section, the default color map is loaded from
the base_color variable. You can specify an alternate color
map for a terminal by using the terminal name as the key in
this section. Example:
[Colors]
base_color=
xterm=menu=magenta:marked=,magenta:markselect=,red
The format for the color definition is:
<keyword>=<foregroundcolor>,<backgroundcolor>:<keyword>= ...
The colors are optional, and the keywords are: normal,
selected, marked, markselect, errors, input, reverse, gauge;
Menu colors are: menu, menusel, menuhot, menuhotsel; Dialog
colors are: dnormal, dfocus, dhotnormal, dhotfocus; Help
colors are: helpnormal, helpitalic, helpbold, helplink,
helpslink; Viewer color is: viewunderline; Special
highlighting colors are: executable, directory, link, dev-
ice, special, core; Editor colors are: editnormal, editbold,
editmarked.
input determines the color of input lines used in query dia-
logs.
gauge determines the color of the filled part of the pro-
gress bar (gauge), which shows how many percent of files
were copied etc. in a graphical way.
The dialog boxes use the following colors: dnormal is used
for the normal text, dfocus is the color used for the
currently selected component, dhotnormal is the color used
to differentiate the hotkey color in normal components,
whereas the dhotfocus color is used for the highlighted
color in the currently selected component.
Menus use the same scheme but uses the menu, menusel,
menuhot and menuhotsel tags instead.
Help uses the following colors: helpnormal is used for nor-
mal text, helpitalic is used for text which is emphasized in
italic in the manual page, helpbold is used for text which
is emphasized in bold in the manual page, helplink is used
for not selected hyperlinks and helpslink is used for
selected hyperlink.
Special highlight colors determine how files are displayed
when file highlighting is enabled (see the section on Lay-
out). directory is used for directories or symbolic links
to directories; executable for executable files; link is
used for symbolic links which are neither stalled nor linked
to a directory; stalledlink is used for stalled symbolic
links; device - character and block devices; special is used
for special files, such as FIFOs and IPC sockets; core is
for core files.
The possible colors are: black, gray, red, brightred, green,
brightgreen, brown, yellow, blue, brightblue, magenta,
brightmagenta, cyan, brightcyan, lightgray and white. And
there is a special keyword for transparent background. It is
'default'. The 'default' can only be used for background
color. Example:
[Colors]
base_color=normal=white,default:marked=magenta,default
Special Settings
Most of the settings of the Midnight Commander can be
changed from the menus. However, there are a small number of
settings which can only be changed by editing the setup
file.
These variables may be set in your ~/.mc/ini file:
clear_before_exec.
By default the Midnight Commander clears the screen
before executing a command. If you would prefer to see
the output of the command at the bottom of the screen,
edit your ~/mc.ini file and change the value of the
field clear_before_exec to 0.
confirm_view_dir.
If you press F3 on a directory, normally MC enters that
directory. If this flag is set to 1, then MC will ask
for confirmation before changing the directory if you
have files tagged.
ftpfs_retry_seconds.
This value is the number of seconds the Midnight Com-
mander will wait before attempting a reconnection to an
ftp server that has denied the login. If the value is
zero, the the program will not retry the login.
ftpfs_use_passive_connections.
This option is by off default. This makes the ftpfs
code use the passive open mode for transferring files.
This is used by people that are behind a filtering
packet router. This option just works if you are not
using an ftp proxy.
max_dirt_limit.
Specifies how many screen updates can be skipped at
most in the internal file viewer. Normally this value
is not significant, because the code automatically
adjusts the number of updates to skip according to the
rate of incoming keypresses. However, on very slow
machines or terminals with a fast keyboard auto repeat,
a big value can make screen updates too jumpy.
It seems that setting max_dirt_limit to 10 causes the
best behavior, and that is the default value.
mouse_move_pages.
Controls whenever scrolling with the mouse is done by
pages or line by line on the panels.
mouse_move_pages_viewer.
Controls if scrolling with the mouse is done by pages
or line by line on the internal file viewer.
old_esc_mode
By default the Midnight Commander treats the ESC key as
a key prefix (old_esc_mode=0), if you set this option
(old_esc_mode=1), then the ESC key will act as a prefix
key for one second, and if no extra keys have arrived,
then the ESC key is interpreted as a cancel key (ESC
ESC).
only_leading_plus_minus
set special treatment for '+', '-', '*' in command line
(select, unselect, reverse selection) only if command
line is empty. No need to quote this characters in the
middle of the command line. But we can not change
selection when command line is not empty.
panel_scroll_pages
If set (the default), panel will scroll by half the
display when the cursor reaches the end or the begin-
ning of the panel, otherwise it will just scroll a file
at a time.
preserve_uidgid
If this option is set (the default), when logged in as
root the default will be to preserve the UID and the
GID of files. Some users prefer to disable this
option, so that's why it's configurable.
show_output_starts_shell
This variable only works if you are not using the sub-
shell support. When you use the C-o keystroke to go
back to the user screen, if this one is set, you will
get a fresh shell. Otherwise, pressing any key will
bring you back to the Midnight Commander.
torben_fj_mode
If this flag is set, then the home and end keys will
work slightly different on the panels, instead of mov-
ing the selection to the first and last files in the
panels, they will act as follows:
The home key will: Go up to the middle line, if below
it; else go to the top line unless it is already on the
top line, in this case it will go to the first file in
the panel.
The end key has a similar behavior: Go down to the mid-
dle line, if over it; else go to the bottom line unless
you already are at the bottom line, in such case it
will move the selection to the last file name in the
panel.
use_file_to_guess_type
If this variable is on (the default) it will spawn the
file command to match the file types listed on the
mc.ext file.
xterm_mode
If this variable is on (default is off) when you browse
the file system on a Tree panel, it will automatically
reload the other panel with the contents of the
selected directory.
Terminal databases
The Midnight Commander provides a way to fix your system
terminal database without requiring root privileges. The
Midnight Commander searches in the system initialization
file (the mc.lib file located in the Midnight Commander
library directory) or in the ~/.mc/ini file for the section
"terminal:your-terminal-name" and then for the section
"terminal:general", each line of the section contains a key
symbol that you want to define, followed by an equal sign
and the definition for the key. You can use the special \E
form to represent the escape character and the ^x to
represent the control-x character.
The possible key symbols are:
f0 to f20 Function keys f0-f20
bs backspace
home home key
end end key
up up arrow key
down down arrow key
left left arrow key
right right arrow key
pgdn page down key
pgup page up key
insert the insert character
delete the delete character
complete to do completion
For example, to define the key insert to be the Escape + [ +
O + p, you set this in the ini file:
insert=\E[Op
The complete key symbol represents the escape sequences used
to invoke the completion process, this is invoked with M-
tab, but you can define other keys to do the same work (on
those keyboard with tons of nice and unused keys every-
where).
FILES
The program will retrieve all of its information relative to
the MCHOME environment variable, if this variable is not
set, then it will fall back to the /usr/local directory.
/usr/local/lib/mc.hlp
The help file for the program.
/usr/local/lib/mc/mc.ext
The default system-wide extensions file.
~/.mc/ext
User's own extension, view configuration and edit con-
figuration file. They override the contents of the
system wide files if present.
/usr/local/lib/mc/mc.ini
The default system-wide setup for the Midnight Com-
mander, used only if the user lacks his own ~/.mc/ini
file.
/usr/local/lib/mc/mc.lib
Global settings for the Midnight Commander. Settings
in this file are global to any Midnight Commander, it
is useful to define site-global terminal settings.
~/.mc/ini
User's own setup. If this file is present then the
setup is loaded from here instead of the system-wide
startup file.
/usr/local/lib/mc/mc.hint
This file contains the hints (cookies) displayed by the
program.
/usr/local/lib/mc/mc.menu
This file contains the default system-wide applications
menu.
~/.mc/menu
User's own application menu. If this file is present it
is used instead of the system-wide applications menu.
~/.mc/tree
The directory list for the directory tree and tree view
features. Each line is one entry. The lines starting
with a slash are full directory names. The lines start-
ing with a number have that many characters equal to
the previous directory. If you want you may create this
file by giving the command "find / -type d -print |
sort > ~/.mc.tree". Normally there is no sense in doing
it because the Midnight Commander automatically updates
this file for you.
./.mc.menu
Local user-defined menu. If this file is present it is
used instead of the home or system-wide applications
menu.
LICENSE
This program is distributed under the terms of the GNU Gen-
eral Public License as published by the Free Software Foun-
dation. See the built-in help for details on the License and
the lack of warranty.
AVAILABILITY
The latest version of this program can be found at
ftp.nuclecu.unam.mx in the directory /linux/local and from
Europe at sunsite.mff.cuni.cz in the directory /GNU/mc and
at ftp.teuto.de in the directory /lmb/mc.
SEE ALSO
ed(1), gpm(1), mcserv(8), terminfo(1), view(1), sh(1),
bash(1), tcsh(1), zsh(1).
The Midnight Commander page on the World Wide Web:
http://www.gnome.org/mc/
AUTHORS
Miguel de Icaza ([email protected]), Janne
Kukonlehto ([email protected]), Radek Doulik
([email protected]), Fred Leeflang ([email protected]), Dugan
Porter ([email protected]), Jakub Jelinek
([email protected]), Ching Hui
([email protected]), Andrej Borsenkow
([email protected]), Norbert Warmuth
([email protected]), Mauricio Plaza
([email protected]), Paul Sheer
([email protected]) and Pavel Machek ([email protected]) are the
developers of this package; Alessandro Rubini
([email protected]) has been especially helpful debug-
ging and enhancing the program's mouse support, John Davis
([email protected]) also made his S-Lang library available
to us under the GPL and answered my questions about it, and
the following people have contributed code and many bug
fixes (in alphabetical order):
Adam Tla/lka ([email protected]), [email protected] (Alex
I. Tkachenko), Antonio Palama, DOS port
([email protected]), Erwin van Eijk
([email protected]), Gerd Knorr ([email protected]),
Jean-Daniel Luiset ([email protected]), Jon Stevens
([email protected]), Juan Francisco Grigera, Win32 port
([email protected]), Juan Jose Ciarlante
([email protected]), Ilya Rybkin
([email protected]), Marcelo Roccasalva
([email protected]), Massimo Fontanelli
([email protected]), Pavel Roskin
([email protected]), Sergey Ya. Korshunoff
([email protected]), Thomas Pundt ([email protected]
muenster.de), Timur Bakeyev ([email protected]),
Tomasz Cholewo ([email protected]), Torben
Fjerdingstad ([email protected]), Vadim Sinolitis
([email protected]) and Wim Osterholt
([email protected]).
BUGS
See the file TODO in the distribution for information on
what remains to be done.
If you want to report a problem with the program, please
send mail to this address: [email protected].
Provide a detailed description of the bug, the version of
the program you are running (mc -V display this informa-
tion), the operating system you are running the program on
and if the program crashes, we would appreciate a stack
trace.
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