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libexpect (3)
  • >> libexpect (3) ( Solaris man: Библиотечные вызовы )
  • libexpect (3) ( Linux man: Библиотечные вызовы )
  • 
    NAME
         libexpect - programmed dialogue with interactive programs  -
         C functions
    
    DESCRIPTION
         This library contains functions that allow Expect to be used
         as  a  Tcl  extension  or  to be used directly from C or C++
         (without Tcl).  Adding Expect as a  Tcl  extension  is  very
         short and simple, so that will be covered first.
    
    SYNOPSIS
         #include expect_tcl.h
         Expect_Init(interp);
    
         cc files... -lexpect5.20 -ltcl7.5 -lm
    
         Note: library versions may differ in the actual release.
    
         The Expect_Init function adds expect commands to  the  named
         interpreter.   It  avoids  overwriting commands that already
         exist, however aliases  beginning  with  "exp_"  are  always
         created  for expect commands.  So for example, "send" can be
         used as "exp_send".
    
         Generally,  you  should  only  call  Expect   commands   via
         Tcl_Eval.    Certain   auxiliary  functions  may  be  called
         directly.  They are summarized below.  They may be useful in
         constructing your own main.  Look at the file exp_main_exp.c
         in the Expect distribution as  a  prototype  main.   Another
         prototype is tclAppInit.c in the Tcl source distribution.  A
         prototype for working with Tk is  in  exp_main_tk.c  in  the
         Expect distribution.
    
         int exp_cmdlinecmds;
         int exp_interactive;
         FILE *exp_cmdfile;
         char *exp_cmdfilename;
         int exp_tcl_debugger_available;
    
         void exp_parse_argv(Tcl_Interp *,int argc,char **argv);
         int  exp_interpreter(Tcl_Interp *);
         void exp_interpret_cmdfile(Tcl_Interp *,FILE *);
         void exp_interpret_cmdfilename(Tcl_Interp *,char *);
         void exp_interpret_rcfiles(Tcl_Interp *,int my_rc,int sys_rc);
         char *    exp_cook(char *s,int *len);
         void (*exp_app_exit)EXP_PROTO((Tcl_Interp *);
         void exp_exit(Tcl_Interp *,int status);
         void exp_exit_handlers(Tcl_Interp *);
         void exp_error(Tcl_Interp,char *,...);
    
         exp_cmdlinecmds is 1 if Expect has been  invoked  with  com-
         mands  on the program command-line (using "-c" for example).
         exp_interactive is 1 if Expect has been invoked with the  -i
         flag   or  if  no  commands  or  script  is  being  invoked.
         exp_cmdfile is a stream from which  Expect  will  read  com-
         mands.   exp_cmdfilename  is the name of a file which Expect
         will      open      and      read       commands       from.
         exp_tcl_debugger_available  is  1  if  the debugger has been
         armed.
    
         exp_parse_argv reads the representation of the command line.
         Based  on  what  is found, any of the other variables listed
         here   are   initialized   appropriately.    exp_interpreter
         interactively  prompts  the  user for commands and evaluates
         them.  exp_interpret_cmdfile  reads  the  given  stream  and
         evaluates  any  commands  found.   exp_interpret_cmdfilename
         opens the named  file  and  evaluates  any  commands  found.
         exp_interpret_rcfiles  reads and evalutes the .rc files.  If
         my_rc is zero, then ~/.expectrc is skipped.   If  sys_rc  is
         zero,   then  the  system-wide  expectrc  file  is  skipped.
         exp_cook returns a static  buffer  containing  the  argument
         reproduced   with   newlines   replaced  by  carriage-return
         linefeed sequences.  The primary purpose of this is to allow
         messages  to  be produced without worrying about whether the
         terminal is in raw mode or cooked mode.  If length is  zero,
         it is computed via strlen.  exp_error is a printf-like func-
         tion that to interp->result.
    
    SYNOPSIS
         #include <expect.h>
    
         int
         exp_spawnl(file, arg0 [, arg1, ..., argn] (char *)0);
         char *file;
         char *arg0, *arg1, ... *argn;
    
         int
         exp_spawnv(file,argv);
         char *file, *argv[ ];
    
         int
         exp_spawnfd(fd);
         int fd;
    
         FILE *
         exp_popen(command);
         char *command;
    
         extern int exp_pid;
         extern int exp_ttyinit;
         extern int exp_ttycopy;
         extern int exp_console;
         extern char *exp_stty_init;
         extern void (*exp_close_in_child)();
         extern void (*exp_child_exec_prelude)();
         extern void exp_close_tcl_files();
    
         cc files... -lexpect -ltcl -lm
    
    
    DESCRIPTION
         exp_spawnl and exp_spawnv fork a new  process  so  that  its
         stdin,  stdout,  and  stderr  can be written and read by the
         current process.  file is the name of a file to be executed.
         The arg pointers are null-terminated strings.  Following the
         style of execve(), arg0 (or argv[0]) is customarily a dupli-
         cate of the name of the file.
    
         Four interfaces are available, exp_spawnl is useful when the
         number of arguments is known at compile time.  exp_spawnv is
         useful when the number of arguments is not known at  compile
         time.  exp_spawnfd is useful when an open file descriptor is
         already available as a source.  exp_popen is explained later
         on.
    
         If the process is successfully created, a file descriptor is
         returned  which  corresponds  to the process's stdin, stdout
         and stderr.  A  stream  may  be  associated  with  the  file
         descriptor by using fdopen().  (This should almost certainly
         be followed by setbuf() to unbuffer the I/O.)
    
         Closing the file descriptor will typically  be  detected  by
         the process as an EOF.  Once such a process exits, it should
         be waited upon (via wait) in order to  free  up  the  kernel
         process  slot.  (Some systems allow you to avoid this if you
         ignore the SIGCHLD signal).
    
         exp_popen is yet another interface,  styled  after  popen().
         It  takes  a Bourne shell command line, and returns a stream
         that corresponds to the process's stdin, stdout and  stderr.
         The  actual  implementation  of exp_popen below demonstrates
         exp_spawnl.
    
         FILE *
         exp_popen(program)
         char *program;
         {
              FILE *fp;
              int ec;
    
              if (0 > (ec = exp_spawnl("sh","sh","-c",program,(char *)0)))
                   return(0);
              if (NULL == (fp = fdopen(ec,"r+")) return(0);
              setbuf(fp,(char *)0);
              return(fp);
         }
         After a process is started, the variable exp_pid is  set  to
         the   process-id   of   the   new   process.   The  variable
         exp_pty_slave_name is set to the name of the slave  side  of
         the pty.
    
         The spawn functions uses a pty to communicate with the  pro-
         cess.   By  default,  the pty is initialized the same way as
         the user's tty (if possible, i.e., if the environment has  a
         controlling  terminal.)   This initialization can be skipped
         by setting exp_ttycopy to 0.
    
         The pty is further initialized to some system wide  defaults
         if  exp_ttyinit  is non-zero.  The default is generally com-
         parable to "stty sane".
    
         The tty setting can be further modified by setting the vari-
         able  exp_stty_init.   This  variable  is interpreted in the
         style of  stty  arguments.   For  example,  exp_stty_init  =
         "sane"; repeats the default initialization.
    
         On some systems, it is possible to redirect  console  output
         to ptys.  If this is supported, you can force the next spawn
         to  obtain  the  console  output  by  setting  the  variable
         exp_console to 1.
    
         Between the time a process is started and the new program is
         given control, the spawn functions can clean up the environ-
         ment by closing file descriptors.  By default, the only file
         descriptors  closed  are  ones  internal  to  Expect and any
         marked "close-on-exec".
    
         If needed, you can  close  additional  file  descriptors  by
         creating   an  appropriate  function  and  assigning  it  to
         exp_close_in_child.  The function will be called  after  the
         fork  and before the exec.  (This also modifies the behavior
         of the spawn command in Expect.)
    
         If you are also using Tcl, it may be convenient to  use  the
         function  exp_close_tcl_files which closes all files between
         the  default  standard  file  descriptors  and  the  highest
         descriptor known to Tcl.  (Expect does this.)
    
         The function exp_child_exec_prelude  is  the  last  function
         called prior to the actual exec in the child.  You can rede-
         fine this for effects such as manipulating the  uid  or  the
         signals.
    
    
    IF YOU WANT TO ALLOCATE YOUR OWN PTY
         extern int exp_autoallocpty;
         extern int exp_pty[2];
    
         The spawn functions use a pty to communicate with  the  pro-
         cess.   By  default,  a  pty is automatically allocated each
         time a process is spawned.  If you  want  to  allocate  ptys
         yourself,  before  calling  one  of the spawn functions, set
         exp_autoallocpty to 0, exp_pty[0] to  the  master  pty  file
         descriptor  and exp_pty[1] to the slave pty file descriptor.
         The expect library  will  not  do  any  pty  initializations
         (e.g.,  exp_stty_init will not be used).  The slave pty file
         descriptor will be automatically closed when the process  is
         spawned.  After the process is started, all further communi-
         cation takes place with the master pty file descriptor.
    
         exp_spawnl and exp_spawnv duplicate the shell's  actions  in
         searching  for  an executable file in a list of directories.
         The directory list is obtained from the environment.
    
    EXPECT PROCESSING
         While it is possible to use read() to read information  from
         a  process  spawned  by  exp_spawnl or exp_spawnv, more con-
         venient functions are provided.  They are as follows:
    
         int
         exp_expectl(fd,type1,pattern1,[re1,],value1,type2,...,exp_end);
         int fd;
         enum exp_type type;
         char *pattern1, *pattern2, ...;
         regexp *re1, *re2, ...;
         int value1, value2, ...;
    
         int
         exp_fexpectl(fp,type1,pattern1,[re1,]value1,type2,...,exp_end);
         FILE *fp;
         enum exp_type type;
         char *pattern1, *pattern2, ...;
         regexp *re1, *re2, ...;
         int value1, value2, ...;
    
         enum exp_type {
              exp_end,
              exp_glob,
              exp_exact,
              exp_regexp,
              exp_compiled,
              exp_null,
         };
    
         struct exp_case {
              char *pattern;
              regexp *re;
              enum exp_type type;
              int value;
         };
         int
         exp_expectv(fd,cases);
         int fd;
         struct exp_case *cases;
    
         int
         exp_fexpectv(fp,cases);
         FILE *fp;
         struct exp_case *cases;
    
         extern int exp_timeout;
         extern char *exp_match;
         extern char *exp_match_end;
         extern char *exp_buffer;
         extern char *exp_buffer_end;
         extern int exp_match_max;
         extern int exp_full_buffer;
         extern int exp_remove_nulls;
    
         The functions wait until the output from a  process  matches
         one  of the patterns, a specified time period has passed, or
         an EOF is seen.
    
         The first  argument  to  each  function  is  either  a  file
         descriptor  or  a  stream.   Successive  sets  of  arguments
         describe patterns and associated integer  values  to  return
         when the pattern matches.
    
         The type argument is one of four values.  exp_end  indicates
         that  no  more patterns appear.  exp_glob indicates that the
         pattern is a glob-style string pattern.  exp_exact indicates
         that  the  pattern is an exact string.  exp_regexp indicates
         that  the  pattern  is  a   regexp-style   string   pattern.
         exp_compiled  indicates  that  the pattern is a regexp-style
         string pattern, and that its compiled form is also provided.
         exp_null indicates that the pattern is a null (for debugging
         purposes, a string pattern must also follow).
    
         If the compiled form is  not  provided  with  the  functions
         exp_expectl  and  exp_fexpectl, any pattern compilation done
         internally is thrown away after the function  returns.   The
         functions  exp_expectv  and  exp_fexpectv will automatically
         compile patterns and will not  throw  them  away.   Instead,
         they  must be discarded by the user, by calling free on each
         pattern.  It is only necessary to  discard  them,  the  last
         time the cases are used.
    
         Regexp  subpatterns  matched  are  stored  in  the  compiled
         regexp.   Assuming  "re"  contains  a  compiled  regexp, the
         matched string can be found  in  re->startp[0].   The  match
         substrings  (according  to  the parentheses) in the original
         pattern can be found in re->startp[1], re->startp[2], and so
         on, up to re->startp[9].  The corresponding strings ends are
         re->endp[x] where x is that same index  as  for  the  string
         start.
    
         The type exp_null matches if a null appears  in  the  input.
         The  variable  exp_remove_nulls  must be set to 0 to prevent
         nulls  from  being  automatically  stripped.   By   default,
         exp_remove_nulls  is  set  to  1 and nulls are automatically
         stripped.
    
         exp_expectv and exp_fexpectv are useful when the  number  of
         patterns  is  not  known in advance.  In this case, the sets
         are provided in an array.  The end of the array  is  denoted
         by  a  struct  exp_case  with type exp_end.  For the rest of
         this discussion, these functions will be referred to generi-
         cally as expect.
    
         If a pattern matches, then the corresponding  integer  value
         is returned.  Values need not be unique, however they should
         be  positive  to   avoid   being   mistaken   for   EXP_EOF,
         EXP_TIMEOUT,  or  EXP_FULLBUFFER.   Upon EOF or timeout, the
         value EXP_EOF  or  EXP_TIMEOUT  is  returned.   The  default
         timeout  period  is 10 seconds but may be changed by setting
         the variable exp_timeout.  A value of -1 disables a  timeout
         from  occurring.  A value of 0 causes the expect function to
         return immediately (i.e., poll) after one  read().   However
         it  must  be preceded by a function such as select, poll, or
         an event manager callback to guarantee that there is data to
         be read.
    
         If the variable exp_full_buffer is 1, then EXP_FULLBUFFER is
         returned if exp_buffer fills with no pattern having matched.
    
         When the expect function returns, exp_buffer points  to  the
         buffer of characters that was being considered for matching.
         exp_buffer_end points to one  past  the  last  character  in
         exp_buffer.   If  a  match  occurred,  exp_match points into
         exp_buffer where the match began.  exp_match_end  points  to
         one character past where the match ended.
    
         Each time new input arrives, it is compared to each  pattern
         in  the  order  they  are  listed.   Thus,  you may test for
         absence of a match by  making  the  last  pattern  something
         guaranteed to appear, such as a prompt.  In situations where
         there is no prompt, you must  check  for  EXP_TIMEOUT  (just
         like you would if you were interacting manually).  More phi-
         losophy and strategies on specifying expect patterns can  be
         found  in  the  documentation  on the expect program itself.
         See SEE ALSO below.
    
         Patterns are the usual  C-shell-style  regular  expressions.
         For  example,  the following fragment looks for a successful
         login, such as from a telnet dialogue.
    
              switch (exp_expectl(
                   exp_glob,"connected",CONN,
                   exp_glob,"busy",BUSY,
                   exp_glob,"failed",ABORT,
                   exp_glob,"invalid password",ABORT,
                   exp_end)) {
              case CONN:     /* logged in successfully */
                   break;
              case BUSY:     /* couldn't log in at the moment */
                   break;
              case EXP_TIMEOUT:
              case ABORT:    /* can't log in at any moment! */
                   break;
              default: /* problem with expect */
              }
    
         Asterisks (as in the example above) are a  useful  shorthand
         for  omitting  line-termination characters and other detail.
         Patterns must match the entire output of the current process
         (since  the previous read on the descriptor or stream). More
         than 2000 bytes of output can  force  earlier  bytes  to  be
         "forgotten".   This  may  be changed by setting the variable
         exp_match_max.  Note that excessively large values can  slow
         down the pattern matcher.
    
    RUNNING IN THE BACKGROUND
         extern int exp_disconnected;
         int exp_disconnect();
    
         It is possible to move a process into the  background  after
         it  has  begun  running.   A typical use for this is to read
         passwords and then go into the background  to  sleep  before
         using the passwords to do real work.
    
         To  move  a  process  into  the   background,   fork,   call
         exp_disconnect()  in  the  child  process  and exit() in the
         parent process.  This disassociates your  process  from  the
         controlling  terminal.   If  you wish to move a process into
         the background in a different way, you must set the variable
         exp_disconnected  to 1.  This allows processes spawned after
         this point to be started correctly.
    
    MULTIPLEXING
         By default, the expect functions block inside of a read on a
         single  file  descriptor.   If  you want to wait on patterns
         from multiple file descriptors,  use  select,  poll,  or  an
         event  manager.   They will tell you what file descriptor is
         ready to read.
    
         When a file descriptor is ready to read,  you  can  use  the
         expect  functions to do one and only read by setting timeout
         to 0.
    
    SLAVE CONTROL
         void
         exp_slave_control(fd,enable)
         int fd;
         int enable;
    
    
         Pty trapping is normally done automatically  by  the  expect
         functions.   However,  if  you  want  to issue an ioctl, for
         example, directly on the slave device, you should  temporary
         disable trapping.
    
         Pty trapping can be controlled with exp_slave_control.   The
         first  argument  is the file descriptor corresponding to the
         spawned process.  The second argument is a 0 if trapping  is
         to be disabled and 1 if it is to be enabled.
    
    
    ERRORS
         All functions indicate errors by returning  -1  and  setting
         errno.
    
         Errors that occur after  the  spawn  functions  fork  (e.g.,
         attempting  to  spawn a non-existent program) are written to
         the process's stderr, and will be read by the first expect.
    
    SIGNALS
         extern int exp_reading;
         extern jmp_buf exp_readenv;
    
         expect uses alarm() to timeout, thus if you generate  alarms
         during expect, it will timeout prematurely.
    
         Internally, expect calls read() which can be interrupted  by
         signals.   If  you define signal handlers, you can choose to
         restart or abort  expect's  internal  read.   The  variable,
         exp_reading, is true if (and only if) expect's read has been
         interrupted.  longjmp(exp_readenv,EXP_ABORT) will abort  the
         read.   longjmp(exp_readenv,EXP_RESTART)  will  restart  the
         read.
    
    LOGGING
         extern int exp_loguser;
         extern int exp_logfile_all
         extern FILE *exp_logfile;
    
         If exp_loguser is nonzero, expect sends any output from  the
         spawned process to stdout.  Since interactive programs typi-
         cally echo their input, this usually suffices to  show  both
         sides  of the conversation.  If exp_logfile is also nonzero,
         this same  output  is  written  to  the  stream  defined  by
         exp_logfile.  If exp_logfile_all is non-zero, exp_logfile is
         written regardless of the value of exp_loguser.
    
    
    DEBUGGING
         While I consider the library to be easy to use, I think that
         the  standalone  expect program is much, much, easier to use
         than working with the C compiler and its  usual  edit,  com-
         pile,  debug  cycle.  Unlike typical C programs, most of the
         debugging isn't getting the C compiler to accept  your  pro-
         grams  -  rather, it is getting the dialogue correct.  Also,
         translating scripts from expect to C is usually  not  neces-
         sary.   For  example,  the speed of interactive dialogues is
         virtually never an issue.   So  please  try  the  standalone
         'expect'  program first.  I suspect it is a more appropriate
         solution for most people than the library.
    
         Nonetheless, if you feel compelled to debug in C,  here  are
         some tools to help you.
    
         extern int exp_is_debugging;
         extern FILE *exp_debugfile;
    
         While expect dialogues seem very intuitive, trying to codify
         them  in  a program can reveal many surprises in a program's
         interface.  Therefore a variety of debugging aids are avail-
         able.   They are controlled by the above variables, all 0 by
         default.
    
         Debugging information internal to expect is sent  to  stderr
         when  exp_is_debugging  is non-zero.  The debugging informa-
         tion includes every character received,  and  every  attempt
         made  to  match  the current input against the patterns.  In
         addition,  non-printable  characters  are  translated  to  a
         printable form.  For example, a control-C appears as a caret
         followed by a C.  If exp_logfile is non-zero, this  informa-
         tion is also written to that stream.
    
         If exp_debugfile  is  non-zero,  all  normal  and  debugging
         information  is  written  to  that stream, regardless of the
         value of exp_is_debugging.
    
    CAVEATS
         The stream versions of the expect functions are much  slower
         than the file descriptor versions because there is no way to
         portably read an unknown number of bytes without the  poten-
         tial  of  timing  out.   Thus,  characters are read one at a
         time.  You are therefore strongly encouraged to use the file
         descriptor  versions of expect (although, automated versions
         of interactive programs  don't  usually  demand  high  speed
         anyway).
    
         You can actually get the best of both worlds,  writing  with
         the  usual  stream  functions  and  reading  with  the  file
         descriptor versions of expect as long as you  don't  attempt
         to  intermix other stream input functions (e.g., fgetc).  To
         do this, pass fileno(stream) as  the  file  descriptor  each
         time.   Fortunately,  there is little reason to use anything
         but the expect functions when reading from interactive  pro-
         grams.
    
         There is no matching exp_pclose to exp_popen  (unlike  popen
         and  pclose).   It  only takes two functions to close down a
         connection (fclose() followed by waiting on the pid), but it
         is  not uncommon to separate these two actions by large time
         intervals, so the function seems of little value.
    
         If you are running on a Cray running Unicos (all I know  for
         sure from experience), you must run your compiled program as
         root or setuid.  The problem is that the  Cray  only  allows
         root processes to open ptys. You should observe as much pre-
         cautions  as  possible:   If  you  don't  need  permissions,
         setuid(0)  only  immediately before calling one of the spawn
         functions and immediately set it back afterwards.
    
         Normally, spawn takes little time to execute.  If you notice
         spawn  taking  a  significant amount of time, it is probably
         encountering ptys that are wedged.  A number  of  tests  are
         run  on  ptys  to avoid entanglements with errant processes.
         (These take 10 seconds per wedged pty.)  Running expect with
         the  -d option will show if expect is encountering many ptys
         in odd states.  If you cannot kill the  processes  to  which
         these  ptys  are  attached,  your  only  recourse  may be to
         reboot.
    
    BUGS
         The exp_fexpect functions don't work at all under HP-UX - it
         appears  to  be  a  bug  in getc.  Follow the advice (above)
         about using the exp_expect functions (which doesn't need  to
         call  getc).   If  you fix the problem (before I do - please
         check the latest release) let me know.
    
    SEE ALSO
         An alternative  to  this  library  is  the  expect  program.
         expect  interprets  scripts written in a high-level language
         which direct the dialogue.  In addition, the user  can  take
         control  and  interact  directly when desired.  If it is not
         absolutely necessary to write your own C program, it is much
         easier  to use expect to perform the entire interaction.  It
         is described further in the following references:
    
    
         "expect: Curing Those Uncontrollable Fits of  Interactivity"
         by  Don Libes, Proceedings of the Summer 1990 USENIX Confer-
         ence, Anaheim, California, June 11-15, 1990.
    
         "Using expect to Automate System  Administration  Tasks"  by
         Don Libes, Proceedings of the 1990 USENIX Large Installation
         Systems   Administration   Conference,   Colorado   Springs,
         Colorado, October 17-19, 1990.
    
         expect(1),   alarm(3),   read(2),    write(2),    fdopen(3),
         execve(2), execvp(3), longjmp(3), pty(4).
    
         There are several examples C programs in the test  directory
         of   expect's  source  distribution  which  use  the  expect
         library.
    
    AUTHOR
         Don Libes, [email protected], National Institute  of  Standards
         and Technology
    
    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
         Thanks to John Ousterhout  (UCBerkeley)  for  supplying  the
         pattern matcher.
    
         Design and implementation of the expect library was paid for
         by  the  U.S.  government  and  is  therefore  in the public
         domain.  However the author and NIST would  like  credit  if
         this program and documentation or portions of them are used.
    
    
    
    


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