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perltrap (1)
  • >> perltrap (1) ( Solaris man: Команды и прикладные программы пользовательского уровня )
  • perltrap (1) ( Разные man: Команды и прикладные программы пользовательского уровня )
  • 
    
    

    NAME

         perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary
    
    
    

    DESCRIPTION

         The biggest trap of all is forgetting to use the -w switch;
         see the perlrun manpage.  The second biggest trap is not
         making your entire program runnable under `use strict'.  The
         third biggest trap is not reading the list of changes in
         this version of Perl; see the perldelta manpage.
    
         Awk Traps
    
         Accustomed awk users should take special note of the
         following:
    
         o   The English module, loaded via
    
                 use English;
    
             allows you to refer to special variables (like `$/')
             with names (like $RS), as though they were in awk; see
             the perlvar manpage for details.
    
         o   Semicolons are required after all simple statements in
             Perl (except at the end of a block).  Newline is not a
             statement delimiter.
    
         o   Curly brackets are required on `if's and `while's.
    
         o   Variables begin with "$", "@" or "%" in Perl.
    
         o   Arrays index from 0.  Likewise string positions in
             substr() and index().
    
         o   You have to decide whether your array has numeric or
             string indices.
    
         o   Hash values do not spring into existence upon mere
             reference.
    
         o   You have to decide whether you want to use string or
             numeric comparisons.
    
         o   Reading an input line does not split it for you.  You
             get to split it to an array yourself.  And the split()
             operator has different arguments than awk's.
    
         o   The current input line is normally in $_, not $0.  It
             generally does not have the newline stripped.  ($0 is
             the name of the program executed.)  See the perlvar
             manpage.
    
         o   $<digit> does not refer to fields--it refers to
             substrings matched by the last match pattern.
    
         o   The print() statement does not add field and record
             separators unless you set `$,' and `$\'.  You can set
             $OFS and $ORS if you're using the English module.
    
         o   You must open your files before you print to them.
    
         o   The range operator is "..", not comma.  The comma
             operator works as in C.
    
         o   The match operator is "=~", not "~".  ("~" is the one's
             complement operator, as in C.)
    
         o   The exponentiation operator is "**", not "^".  "^" is
             the XOR operator, as in C.  (You know, one could get the
             feeling that awk is basically incompatible with C.)
    
         o   The concatenation operator is ".", not the null string.
             (Using the null string would render `/pat/ /pat/'
             unparsable, because the third slash would be interpreted
             as a division operator--the tokenizer is in fact
             slightly context sensitive for operators like "/", "?",
             and ">".  And in fact, "." itself can be the beginning
             of a number.)
    
         o   The `next', `exit', and `continue' keywords work
             differently.
    
         o   The following variables work differently:
    
                   Awk       Perl
                   ARGC      $#ARGV or scalar @ARGV
                   ARGV[0]   $0
                   FILENAME  $ARGV
                   FNR       $. - something
                   FS        (whatever you like)
                   NF        $#Fld, or some such
                   NR        $.
                   OFMT      $#
                   OFS       $,
                   ORS       $\
                   RLENGTH   length($&)
                   RS        $/
                   RSTART    length($`)
                   SUBSEP    $;
    
    
         o   You cannot set $RS to a pattern, only a string.
    
    
         o   When in doubt, run the awk construct through a2p and see
             what it gives you.
    
         C Traps
    
         Cerebral C programmers should take note of the following:
    
         o   Curly brackets are required on `if''s and `while''s.
    
         o   You must use `elsif' rather than `else if'.
    
         o   The `break' and `continue' keywords from C become in
             Perl `last' and `next', respectively.  Unlike in C,
             these do not work within a `do { } while' construct.
    
         o   There's no switch statement.  (But it's easy to build
             one on the fly.)
    
         o   Variables begin with "$", "@" or "%" in Perl.
    
         o   `printf()' does not implement the "*" format for
             interpolating field widths, but it's trivial to use
             interpolation of double-quoted strings to achieve the
             same effect.
    
         o   Comments begin with "#", not "/*".
    
         o   You can't take the address of anything, although a
             similar operator in Perl is the backslash, which creates
             a reference.
    
         o   `ARGV' must be capitalized.  `$ARGV[0]' is C's
             `argv[1]', and `argv[0]' ends up in `$0'.
    
         o   System calls such as link(), unlink(), rename(), etc.
             return nonzero for success, not 0.
    
         o   Signal handlers deal with signal names, not numbers.
             Use `kill -l' to find their names on your system.
    
         Sed Traps
    
         Seasoned sed programmers should take note of the following:
    
         o   Backreferences in substitutions use "$" rather than "\".
    
         o   The pattern matching metacharacters "(", ")", and "|" do
             not have backslashes in front.
    
         o   The range operator is `...', rather than comma.
    
    
         Shell Traps
    
         Sharp shell programmers should take note of the following:
    
         o   The backtick operator does variable interpolation
             without regard to the presence of single quotes in the
             command.
    
         o   The backtick operator does no translation of the return
             value, unlike csh.
    
         o   Shells (especially csh) do several levels of
             substitution on each command line.  Perl does
             substitution in only certain constructs such as double
             quotes, backticks, angle brackets, and search patterns.
    
         o   Shells interpret scripts a little bit at a time.  Perl
             compiles the entire program before executing it (except
             for `BEGIN' blocks, which execute at compile time).
    
         o   The arguments are available via @ARGV, not $1, $2, etc.
    
         o   The environment is not automatically made available as
             separate scalar variables.
    
         Perl Traps
    
         Practicing Perl Programmers should take note of the
         following:
    
         o   Remember that many operations behave differently in a
             list context than they do in a scalar one.  See the
             perldata manpage for details.
    
         o   Avoid barewords if you can, especially all lowercase
             ones.  You can't tell by just looking at it whether a
             bareword is a function or a string.  By using quotes on
             strings and parentheses on function calls, you won't
             ever get them confused.
    
         o   You cannot discern from mere inspection which builtins
             are unary operators (like chop() and chdir()) and which
             are list operators (like print() and unlink()).  (User-
             defined subroutines can be only list operators, never
             unary ones.)  See the perlop manpage.
    
         o   People have a hard time remembering that some functions
             default to $_, or @ARGV, or whatever, but that others
             which you might expect to do not.
    
         o   The <FH> construct is not the name of the filehandle, it
             is a readline operation on that handle.  The data read
             is assigned to $_ only if the file read is the sole
             condition in a while loop:
    
                 while (<FH>)      { }
                 while (defined($_ = <FH>)) { }..
                 <FH>;  # data discarded!
    
    
         o   Remember not to use `=' when you need `=~'; these two
             constructs are quite different:
    
                 $x =  /foo/;
                 $x =~ /foo/;
    
    
         o   The `do {}' construct isn't a real loop that you can use
             loop control on.
    
         o   Use `my()' for local variables whenever you can get away
             with it (but see the perlform manpage for where you
             can't).  Using `local()' actually gives a local value to
             a global variable, which leaves you open to unforeseen
             side-effects of dynamic scoping.
    
         o   If you localize an exported variable in a module, its
             exported value will not change.  The local name becomes
             an alias to a new value but the external name is still
             an alias for the original.
    
         Perl4 to Perl5 Traps
    
         Practicing Perl4 Programmers should take note of the
         following Perl4-to-Perl5 specific traps.
    
         They're crudely ordered according to the following list:
    
         Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
             Anything that's been fixed as a perl4 bug, removed as a
             perl4 feature or deprecated as a perl4 feature with the
             intent to encourage usage of some other perl5 feature.
    
         Parsing Traps
             Traps that appear to stem from the new parser.
    
         Numerical Traps
             Traps having to do with numerical or mathematical
             operators.
    
         General data type traps
             Traps involving perl standard data types.
    
    
         Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
             Traps related to context within lists, scalar
             statements/declarations.
    
         Precedence Traps
             Traps related to the precedence of parsing, evaluation,
             and execution of code.
    
         General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
             Traps related to the use of pattern matching.
    
         Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
             Traps related to the use of signals and signal handlers,
             general subroutines, and sorting, along with sorting
             subroutines.
    
         OS Traps
             OS-specific traps.
    
         DBM Traps
             Traps specific to the use of `dbmopen()', and specific
             dbm implementations.
    
         Unclassified Traps
             Everything else.
    
         If you find an example of a conversion trap that is not
         listed here, please submit it to Bill Middleton
         <wjm@best.com> for inclusion.  Also note that at least some
         of these can be caught with the `use warnings' pragma or the
         -w switch.
    
         Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
    
         Anything that has been discontinued, deprecated, or fixed as
         a bug from perl4.
    
         o Discontinuance
             Symbols starting with "_" are no longer forced into
             package main, except for `$_' itself (and `@_', etc.).
    
                 package test;
                 $_legacy = 1;
    
                 package main;
                 print "\$_legacy is ",$_legacy,"\n";
    
                 # perl4 prints: $_legacy is 1
                 # perl5 prints: $_legacy is
    
    
    
         o Deprecation
             Double-colon is now a valid package separator in a
             variable name.  Thus these behave differently in perl4
             vs. perl5, because the packages don't exist.
    
                 $a=1;$b=2;$c=3;$var=4;
                 print "$a::$b::$c ";
                 print "$var::abc::xyz\n";
    
                 # perl4 prints: 1::2::3 4::abc::xyz
                 # perl5 prints: 3
    
             Given that `::' is now the preferred package delimiter,
             it is debatable whether this should be classed as a bug
             or not.  (The older package delimiter, ' ,is used here)
    
                 $x = 10 ;
                 print "x=${'x}\n" ;
    
                 # perl4 prints: x=10
                 # perl5 prints: Can't find string terminator "'" anywhere before EOF
    
             You can avoid this problem, and remain compatible with
             perl4, if you always explicitly include the package
             name:
    
                 $x = 10 ;
                 print "x=${main'x}\n" ;
    
             Also see precedence traps, for parsing `$:'.
    
         o BugFix
             The second and third arguments of `splice()' are now
             evaluated in scalar context (as the Camel says) rather
             than list context.
    
                 sub sub1{return(0,2) }          # return a 2-element list
                 sub sub2{ return(1,2,3)}        # return a 3-element list
                 @a1 = ("a","b","c","d","e");
                 @a2 = splice(@a1,&sub1,&sub2);
                 print join(' ',@a2),"\n";
    
                 # perl4 prints: a b
                 # perl5 prints: c d e
    
    
         o Discontinuance
             You can't do a `goto' into a block that is optimized
             away.  Darn.
    
                 goto marker1;
    
                 for(1){
                 marker1:
                     print "Here I is!\n";
                 }
    
                 # perl4 prints: Here I is!
                 # perl5 dumps core (SEGV)
    
    
         o Discontinuance
             It is no longer syntactically legal to use whitespace as
             the name of a variable, or as a delimiter for any kind
             of quote construct.  Double darn.
    
                 $a = ("foo bar");
                 $b = q baz ;
                 print "a is $a, b is $b\n";
    
                 # perl4 prints: a is foo bar, b is baz
                 # perl5 errors: Bareword found where operator expected
    
    
         o Discontinuance
             The archaic while/if BLOCK BLOCK syntax is no longer
             supported.
    
                 if { 1 } {
                     print "True!";
                 }
                 else {
                     print "False!";
                 }
    
                 # perl4 prints: True!
                 # perl5 errors: syntax error at test.pl line 1, near "if {"
    
    
         o BugFix
             The `**' operator now binds more tightly than unary
             minus.  It was documented to work this way before, but
             didn't.
    
                 print -4**2,"\n";
    
                 # perl4 prints: 16
                 # perl5 prints: -16
    
    
         o Discontinuance
             The meaning of `foreach{}' has changed slightly when it
             is iterating over a list which is not an array.  This
             used to assign the list to a temporary array, but no
             longer does so (for efficiency).  This means that you'll
             now be iterating over the actual values, not over copies
             of the values.  Modifications to the loop variable can
             change the original values.
    
                 @list = ('ab','abc','bcd','def');
                 foreach $var (grep(/ab/,@list)){
                     $var = 1;
                 }
                 print (join(':',@list));
    
                 # perl4 prints: ab:abc:bcd:def
                 # perl5 prints: 1:1:bcd:def
    
             To retain Perl4 semantics you need to assign your list
             explicitly to a temporary array and then iterate over
             that.  For example, you might need to change
    
                 foreach $var (grep(/ab/,@list)){
    
             to
    
                 foreach $var (@tmp = grep(/ab/,@list)){
    
             Otherwise changing $var will clobber the values of
             @list.  (This most often happens when you use `$_' for
             the loop variable, and call subroutines in the loop that
             don't properly localize `$_'.)
    
         o Discontinuance
             `split' with no arguments now behaves like `split ' ''
             (which doesn't return an initial null field if $_ starts
             with whitespace), it used to behave like `split /\s+/'
             (which does).
    
                 $_ = ' hi mom';
                 print join(':', split);
    
                 # perl4 prints: :hi:mom
                 # perl5 prints: hi:mom
    
    
         o BugFix
             Perl 4 would ignore any text which was attached to an -e
             switch, always taking the code snippet from the
             following arg.  Additionally, it would silently accept
             an -e switch without a following arg.  Both of these
             behaviors have been fixed.
    
                 perl -e'print "attached to -e"' 'print "separate arg"'
    
    
                 # perl4 prints: separate arg
                 # perl5 prints: attached to -e
    
                 perl -e
    
                 # perl4 prints:
                 # perl5 dies: No code specified for -e.
    
    
         o Discontinuance
             In Perl 4 the return value of `push' was undocumented,
             but it was actually the last value being pushed onto the
             target list.  In Perl 5 the return value of `push' is
             documented, but has changed, it is the number of
             elements in the resulting list.
    
                 @x = ('existing');
                 print push(@x, 'first new', 'second new');
    
                 # perl4 prints: second new
                 # perl5 prints: 3
    
    
         o Deprecation
             Some error messages will be different.
    
         o Discontinuance
             Some bugs may have been inadvertently removed.  :-)
    
         Parsing Traps
    
         Perl4-to-Perl5 traps from having to do with parsing.
    
         o Parsing
             Note the space between . and =
    
                 $string . = "more string";
                 print $string;
    
                 # perl4 prints: more string
                 # perl5 prints: syntax error at - line 1, near ". ="
    
    
         o Parsing
             Better parsing in perl 5
    
                 sub foo {}
                 &foo
                 print("hello, world\n");
    
                 # perl4 prints: hello, world
                 # perl5 prints: syntax error
    
         o Parsing
             "if it looks like a function, it is a function" rule.
    
               print
                 ($foo == 1) ? "is one\n" : "is zero\n";
    
                 # perl4 prints: is zero
                 # perl5 warns: "Useless use of a constant in void context" if using -w
    
    
         o Parsing
             String interpolation of the `$#array' construct differs
             when braces are to used around the name.
    
                 @ = (1..3);
                 print "${#a}";
    
                 # perl4 prints: 2
                 # perl5 fails with syntax error
    
                 @ = (1..3);
                 print "$#{a}";
    
                 # perl4 prints: {a}
                 # perl5 prints: 2
    
    
         Numerical Traps
    
         Perl4-to-Perl5 traps having to do with numerical operators,
         operands, or output from same.
    
         o Numerical
              Formatted output and significant digits
    
                  print 7.373504 - 0, "\n";
                  printf "%20.18f\n", 7.373504 - 0;
    
                  # Perl4 prints:
                  7.375039999999996141
                  7.37503999999999614
    
                  # Perl5 prints:
                  7.373504
                  7.37503999999999614
    
    
         o Numerical
              This specific item has been deleted.  It demonstrated
              how the auto-increment operator would not catch when a
              number went over the signed int limit.  Fixed in
              version 5.003_04.  But always be wary when using large
              integers.  If in doubt:
    
                 use Math::BigInt;
    
    
         o Numerical
              Assignment of return values from numeric equality tests
              does not work in perl5 when the test evaluates to false
              (0).  Logical tests now return an null, instead of 0
    
                  $p = ($test == 1);
                  print $p,"\n";
    
                  # perl4 prints: 0
                  # perl5 prints:
    
              Also see the section on "General Regular Expression
              Traps using s///, etc."  for another example of this
              new feature...
    
         o Bitwise string ops
              When bitwise operators which can operate upon either
              numbers or strings (`& | ^ ~') are given only strings
              as arguments, perl4 would treat the operands as
              bitstrings so long as the program contained a call to
              the `vec()' function. perl5 treats the string operands
              as bitstrings.  (See the Bitwise String Operators entry
              in the perlop manpage for more details.)
    
                  $fred = "10";
                  $barney = "12";
                  $betty = $fred & $barney;
                  print "$betty\n";
                  # Uncomment the next line to change perl4's behavior
                  # ($dummy) = vec("dummy", 0, 0);
    
                  # Perl4 prints:
                  8
    
                  # Perl5 prints:
                  10
    
                  # If vec() is used anywhere in the program, both print:
                  10
    
    
         General data type traps
    
         Perl4-to-Perl5 traps involving most data-types, and their
         usage within certain expressions and/or context.
    
    
         o (Arrays)
              Negative array subscripts now count from the end of the
              array.
    
                  @a = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
                  print "The third element of the array is $a[3] also expressed as $a[-2] \n";
    
                  # perl4 prints: The third element of the array is 4 also expressed as
                  # perl5 prints: The third element of the array is 4 also expressed as 4
    
    
         o (Arrays)
              Setting `$#array' lower now discards array elements,
              and makes them impossible to recover.
    
                  @a = (a,b,c,d,e);
                  print "Before: ",join('',@a);
                  $#a =1;
                  print ", After: ",join('',@a);
                  $#a =3;
                  print ", Recovered: ",join('',@a),"\n";
    
                  # perl4 prints: Before: abcde, After: ab, Recovered: abcd
                  # perl5 prints: Before: abcde, After: ab, Recovered: ab
    
    
         o (Hashes)
              Hashes get defined before use
    
                  local($s,@a,%h);
                  die "scalar \$s defined" if defined($s);
                  die "array \@a defined" if defined(@a);
                  die "hash \%h defined" if defined(%h);
    
                  # perl4 prints:
                  # perl5 dies: hash %h defined
    
              Perl will now generate a warning when it sees
              defined(@a) and defined(%h).
    
         o (Globs)
              glob assignment from variable to variable will fail if
              the assigned variable is localized subsequent to the
              assignment
    
                  @a = ("This is Perl 4");
                  *b = *a;
                  local(@a);
                  print @b,"\n";
    
                  # perl4 prints: This is Perl 4
                  # perl5 prints:
    
         o (Globs)
              Assigning `undef' to a glob has no effect in Perl 5.
              In Perl 4 it undefines the associated scalar (but may
              have other side effects including SEGVs).
    
         o (Scalar String)
              Changes in unary negation (of strings) This change
              effects both the return value and what it does to
              auto(magic)increment.
    
                  $x = "aaa";
                  print ++$x," : ";
                  print -$x," : ";
                  print ++$x,"\n";
    
                  # perl4 prints: aab : -0 : 1
                  # perl5 prints: aab : -aab : aac
    
    
         o (Constants)
              perl 4 lets you modify constants:
    
                  $foo = "x";
                  &mod($foo);
                  for ($x = 0; $x < 3; $x++) {
                      &mod("a");
                  }
                  sub mod {
                      print "before: $_[0]";
                      $_[0] = "m";
                      print "  after: $_[0]\n";
                  }
    
                  # perl4:
                  # before: x  after: m
                  # before: a  after: m
                  # before: m  after: m
                  # before: m  after: m
    
                  # Perl5:
                  # before: x  after: m
                  # Modification of a read-only value attempted at foo.pl line 12.
                  # before: a
    
    
         o (Scalars)
              The behavior is slightly different for:
    
                  print "$x", defined $x
    
                  # perl 4: 1
                  # perl 5: <no output, $x is not called into existence>
    
         o (Variable Suicide)
              Variable suicide behavior is more consistent under Perl
              5.  Perl5 exhibits the same behavior for hashes and
              scalars, that perl4 exhibits for only scalars.
    
                  $aGlobal{ "aKey" } = "global value";
                  print "MAIN:", $aGlobal{"aKey"}, "\n";
                  $GlobalLevel = 0;
                  &test( *aGlobal );
    
                  sub test {
                      local( *theArgument ) = @_;
                      local( %aNewLocal ); # perl 4 != 5.001l,m
                      $aNewLocal{"aKey"} = "this should never appear";
                      print "SUB: ", $theArgument{"aKey"}, "\n";
                      $aNewLocal{"aKey"} = "level $GlobalLevel";   # what should print
                      $GlobalLevel++;
                      if( $GlobalLevel<4 ) {
                          &test( *aNewLocal );
                      }
                  }
    
                  # Perl4:
                  # MAIN:global value
                  # SUB: global value
                  # SUB: level 0
                  # SUB: level 1
                  # SUB: level 2
    
                  # Perl5:
                  # MAIN:global value
                  # SUB: global value
                  # SUB: this should never appear
                  # SUB: this should never appear
                  # SUB: this should never appear
    
    
         Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
    
         o (list context)
              The elements of argument lists for formats are now
              evaluated in list context.  This means you can
              interpolate list values now.
    
                  @fmt = ("foo","bar","baz");
                  format STDOUT=
                  @<<<<< @||||| @>>>>>
                  @fmt;
                  .
                  write;
    
    
                  # perl4 errors:  Please use commas to separate fields in file
                  # perl5 prints: foo     bar      baz
    
    
         o (scalar context)
              The `caller()' function now returns a false value in a
              scalar context if there is no caller.  This lets
              library files determine if they're being required.
    
                  caller() ? (print "You rang?\n") : (print "Got a 0\n");
    
                  # perl4 errors: There is no caller
                  # perl5 prints: Got a 0
    
    
         o (scalar context)
              The comma operator in a scalar context is now
              guaranteed to give a scalar context to its arguments.
    
                  @y= ('a','b','c');
                  $x = (1, 2, @y);
                  print "x = $x\n";
    
                  # Perl4 prints:  x = c   # Thinks list context interpolates list
                  # Perl5 prints:  x = 3   # Knows scalar uses length of list
    
    
         o (list, builtin)
              `sprintf()' funkiness (array argument converted to
              scalar array count) This test could be added to
              t/op/sprintf.t
    
                  @z = ('%s%s', 'foo', 'bar');
                  $x = sprintf(@z);
                  if ($x eq 'foobar') {print "ok 2\n";} else {print "not ok 2 '$x'\n";}
    
                  # perl4 prints: ok 2
                  # perl5 prints: not ok 2
    
              `printf()' works fine, though:
    
                  printf STDOUT (@z);
                  print "\n";
    
                  # perl4 prints: foobar
                  # perl5 prints: foobar
    
              Probably a bug.
    
    
    
         Precedence Traps
    
         Perl4-to-Perl5 traps involving precedence order.
    
         Perl 4 has almost the same precedence rules as Perl 5 for
         the operators that they both have.  Perl 4 however, seems to
         have had some inconsistencies that made the behavior differ
         from what was documented.
    
         o Precedence
              LHS vs. RHS of any assignment operator.  LHS is
              evaluated first in perl4, second in perl5; this can
              affect the relationship between side-effects in sub-
              expressions.
    
                  @arr = ( 'left', 'right' );
                  $a{shift @arr} = shift @arr;
                  print join( ' ', keys %a );
    
                  # perl4 prints: left
                  # perl5 prints: right
    
    
         o Precedence
              These are now semantic errors because of precedence:
    
                  @list = (1,2,3,4,5);
                  %map = ("a",1,"b",2,"c",3,"d",4);
                  $n = shift @list + 2;   # first item in list plus 2
                  print "n is $n, ";
                  $m = keys %map + 2;     # number of items in hash plus 2
                  print "m is $m\n";
    
                  # perl4 prints: n is 3, m is 6
                  # perl5 errors and fails to compile
    
    
         o Precedence
              The precedence of assignment operators is now the same
              as the precedence of assignment.  Perl 4 mistakenly
              gave them the precedence of the associated operator.
              So you now must parenthesize them in expressions like
    
                  /foo/ ? ($a += 2) : ($a -= 2);
    
              Otherwise
    
                  /foo/ ? $a += 2 : $a -= 2
    
              would be erroneously parsed as
    
                  (/foo/ ? $a += 2 : $a) -= 2;
    
              On the other hand,
    
                  $a += /foo/ ? 1 : 2;
    
              now works as a C programmer would expect.
    
         o Precedence
                  open FOO || die;
    
              is now incorrect.  You need parentheses around the
              filehandle.  Otherwise, perl5 leaves the statement as
              its default precedence:
    
                  open(FOO || die);
    
                  # perl4 opens or dies
                  # perl5 errors: Precedence problem: open FOO should be open(FOO)
    
    
         o Precedence
              perl4 gives the special variable, `$:' precedence,
              where perl5 treats `$::' as main `package'
    
                  $a = "x"; print "$::a";
    
                  # perl 4 prints: -:a
                  # perl 5 prints: x
    
    
         o Precedence
              perl4 had buggy precedence for the file test operators
              vis-a-vis the assignment operators.  Thus, although the
              precedence table for perl4 leads one to believe `-e
              $foo .= "q"' should parse as `((-e $foo) .= "q")', it
              actually parses as `(-e ($foo .= "q"))'.  In perl5, the
              precedence is as documented.
    
                  -e $foo .= "q"
    
                  # perl4 prints: no output
                  # perl5 prints: Can't modify -e in concatenation
    
    
         o Precedence
              In perl4, keys(), each() and values() were special
              high-precedence operators that operated on a single
              hash, but in perl5, they are regular named unary
              operators.  As documented, named unary operators have
              lower precedence than the arithmetic and concatenation
              operators `+ - .', but the perl4 variants of these
              operators actually bind tighter than `+ - .'.  Thus,
              for:
                  %foo = 1..10;
                  print keys %foo - 1
    
                  # perl4 prints: 4
                  # perl5 prints: Type of arg 1 to keys must be hash (not subtraction)
    
              The perl4 behavior was probably more useful, if less
              consistent.
    
         General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
    
         All types of RE traps.
    
         o Regular Expression
              `s'$lhs'$rhs'' now does no interpolation on either
              side.  It used to interpolate $lhs but not $rhs.  (And
              still does not match a literal '$' in string)
    
                  $a=1;$b=2;
                  $string = '1 2 $a $b';
                  $string =~ s'$a'$b';
                  print $string,"\n";
    
                  # perl4 prints: $b 2 $a $b
                  # perl5 prints: 1 2 $a $b
    
    
         o Regular Expression
              `m//g' now attaches its state to the searched string
              rather than the regular expression.  (Once the scope of
              a block is left for the sub, the state of the searched
              string is lost)
    
                  $_ = "ababab";
                  while(m/ab/g){
                      &doit("blah");
                  }
                  sub doit{local($_) = shift; print "Got $_ "}
    
                  # perl4 prints: blah blah blah
                  # perl5 prints: infinite loop blah...
    
    
         o Regular Expression
              Currently, if you use the `m//o' qualifier on a regular
              expression within an anonymous sub, all closures
              generated from that anonymous sub will use the regular
              expression as it was compiled when it was used the very
              first time in any such closure.  For instance, if you
              say
    
    
                  sub build_match {
                      my($left,$right) = @_;
                      return sub { $_[0] =~ /$left stuff $right/o; };
                  }
    
              build_match() will always return a sub which matches
              the contents of $left and $right as they were the first
              time that build_match() was called, not as they are in
              the current call.
    
              This is probably a bug, and may change in future
              versions of Perl.
    
         o Regular Expression
              If no parentheses are used in a match, Perl4 sets `$+'
              to the whole match, just like `$&'. Perl5 does not.
    
                  "abcdef" =~ /b.*e/;
                  print "\$+ = $+\n";
    
                  # perl4 prints: bcde
                  # perl5 prints:
    
    
         o Regular Expression
              substitution now returns the null string if it fails
    
                  $string = "test";
                  $value = ($string =~ s/foo//);
                  print $value, "\n";
    
                  # perl4 prints: 0
                  # perl5 prints:
    
              Also see the Numerical Traps entry elsewhere in this
              document for another example of this new feature.
    
         o Regular Expression
              `s`lhs`rhs`' (using backticks) is now a normal
              substitution, with no backtick expansion
    
                  $string = "";
                  $string =~ s`^`hostname`;
                  print $string, "\n";
    
                  # perl4 prints: <the local hostname>
                  # perl5 prints: hostname
    
    
         o Regular Expression
              Stricter parsing of variables used in regular
              expressions
                  s/^([^$grpc]*$grpc[$opt$plus$rep]?)//o;
    
                  # perl4: compiles w/o error
                  # perl5: with Scalar found where operator expected ..., near "$opt$plus"
    
              an added component of this example, apparently from the
              same script, is the actual value of the s'd string
              after the substitution.  `[$opt]' is a character class
              in perl4 and an array subscript in perl5
    
                  $grpc = 'a';
                  $opt  = 'r';
                  $_ = 'bar';
                  s/^([^$grpc]*$grpc[$opt]?)/foo/;
                  print ;
    
                  # perl4 prints: foo
                  # perl5 prints: foobar
    
    
         o Regular Expression
              Under perl5, `m?x?' matches only once, like `?x?'.
              Under perl4, it matched repeatedly, like `/x/' or
              `m!x!'.
    
                  $test = "once";
                  sub match { $test =~ m?once?; }
                  &match();
                  if( &match() ) {
                      # m?x? matches more then once
                      print "perl4\n";
                  } else {
                      # m?x? matches only once
                      print "perl5\n";
                  }
    
                  # perl4 prints: perl4
                  # perl5 prints: perl5
    
    
         Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
    
         The general group of Perl4-to-Perl5 traps having to do with
         Signals, Sorting, and their related subroutines, as well as
         general subroutine traps.  Includes some OS-Specific traps.
    
         o (Signals)
              Barewords that used to look like strings to Perl will
              now look like subroutine calls if a subroutine by that
              name is defined before the compiler sees them.
    
    
                  sub SeeYa { warn"Hasta la vista, baby!" }
                  $SIG{'TERM'} = SeeYa;
                  print "SIGTERM is now $SIG{'TERM'}\n";
    
                  # perl4 prints: SIGTERM is main'SeeYa
                  # perl5 prints: SIGTERM is now main::1
    
              Use -w to catch this one
    
         o (Sort Subroutine)
              reverse is no longer allowed as the name of a sort
              subroutine.
    
                  sub reverse{ print "yup "; $a <=> $b }
                  print sort reverse a,b,c;
    
                  # perl4 prints: yup yup yup yup abc
                  # perl5 prints: abc
    
    
         o warn() won't let you specify a filehandle.
              Although it _always_ printed to STDERR, warn() would
              let you specify a filehandle in perl4.  With perl5 it
              does not.
    
                  warn STDERR "Foo!";
    
                  # perl4 prints: Foo!
                  # perl5 prints: String found where operator expected
    
    
         OS Traps
    
         o (SysV)
              Under HPUX, and some other SysV OSes, one had to reset
              any signal handler, within  the signal handler
              function, each time a signal was handled with perl4.
              With perl5, the reset is now done correctly.  Any code
              relying on the handler _not_ being reset will have to
              be reworked.
    
              Since version 5.002, Perl uses sigaction() under SysV.
    
                  sub gotit {
                      print "Got @_... ";
                  }
                  $SIG{'INT'} = 'gotit';
    
    
    
                  $| = 1;
                  $pid = fork;
                  if ($pid) {
                      kill('INT', $pid);
                      sleep(1);
                      kill('INT', $pid);
                  } else {
                      while (1) {sleep(10);}
                  }
    
                  # perl4 (HPUX) prints: Got INT...
                  # perl5 (HPUX) prints: Got INT... Got INT...
    
    
         o (SysV)
              Under SysV OSes, `seek()' on a file opened to append
              `>>' now does the right thing w.r.t. the fopen()
              manpage. e.g., - When a file is opened for append,  it
              is  impossible to overwrite information already in the
              file.
    
                  open(TEST,">>seek.test");
                  $start = tell TEST ;
                  foreach(1 .. 9){
                      print TEST "$_ ";
                  }
                  $end = tell TEST ;
                  seek(TEST,$start,0);
                  print TEST "18 characters here";
    
                  # perl4 (solaris) seek.test has: 18 characters here
                  # perl5 (solaris) seek.test has: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 18 characters here
    
    
         Interpolation Traps
    
         Perl4-to-Perl5 traps having to do with how things get
         interpolated within certain expressions, statements,
         contexts, or whatever.
    
         o Interpolation
              @ now always interpolates an array in double-quotish
              strings.
    
                  print "To: [email protected]\n";
    
                  # perl4 prints: To:[email protected]
                  # perl5 errors : In string, @somewhere now must be written as \@somewhere
    
    
         o Interpolation
              Double-quoted strings may no longer end with an
              unescaped $ or @.
    
                  $foo = "foo$";
                  $bar = "bar@";
                  print "foo is $foo, bar is $bar\n";
    
                  # perl4 prints: foo is foo$, bar is bar@
                  # perl5 errors: Final $ should be \$ or $name
    
              Note: perl5 DOES NOT error on the terminating @ in $bar
    
         o Interpolation
              Perl now sometimes evaluates arbitrary expressions
              inside braces that occur within double quotes (usually
              when the opening brace is preceded by `$' or `@').
    
                  @www = "buz";
                  $foo = "foo";
                  $bar = "bar";
                  sub foo { return "bar" };
                  print "|@{w.w.w}|${main'foo}|";
    
                  # perl4 prints: |@{w.w.w}|foo|
                  # perl5 prints: |buz|bar|
    
              Note that you can `use strict;' to ward off such
              trappiness under perl5.
    
         o Interpolation
              The construct "this is $$x" used to interpolate the pid
              at that point, but now apparently tries to dereference
              $x.  `$$' by itself still works fine, however.
    
                  print "this is $$x\n";
    
                  # perl4 prints: this is XXXx   (XXX is the current pid)
                  # perl5 prints: this is
    
    
         o Interpolation
              Creation of hashes on the fly with `eval "EXPR"' now
              requires either both `$''s to be protected in the
              specification of the hash name, or both curlies to be
              protected.  If both curlies are protected, the result
              will be compatible with perl4 and perl5.  This is a
              very common practice, and should be changed to use the
              block form of `eval{}'  if possible.
    
    
    
                  $hashname = "foobar";
                  $key = "baz";
                  $value = 1234;
                  eval "\$$hashname{'$key'} = q|$value|";
                  (defined($foobar{'baz'})) ?  (print "Yup") : (print "Nope");
    
                  # perl4 prints: Yup
                  # perl5 prints: Nope
    
              Changing
    
                  eval "\$$hashname{'$key'} = q|$value|";
    
              to
    
                  eval "\$\$hashname{'$key'} = q|$value|";
    
              causes the following result:
    
                  # perl4 prints: Nope
                  # perl5 prints: Yup
    
              or, changing to
    
                  eval "\$$hashname\{'$key'\} = q|$value|";
    
              causes the following result:
    
                  # perl4 prints: Yup
                  # perl5 prints: Yup
                  # and is compatible for both versions
    
    
         o Interpolation
              perl4 programs which unconsciously rely on the bugs in
              earlier perl versions.
    
                  perl -e '$bar=q/not/; print "This is $foo{$bar} perl5"'
    
                  # perl4 prints: This is not perl5
                  # perl5 prints: This is perl5
    
    
         o Interpolation
              You also have to be careful about array references.
    
                  print "$foo{"
    
                  perl 4 prints: {
                  perl 5 prints: syntax error
    
    
         o Interpolation
              Similarly, watch out for:
    
                  $foo = "array";
                  print "\$$foo{bar}\n";
    
                  # perl4 prints: $array{bar}
                  # perl5 prints: $
    
              Perl 5 is looking for `$array{bar}' which doesn't
              exist, but perl 4 is happy just to expand $foo to
              "array" by itself.  Watch out for this especially in
              `eval''s.
    
         o Interpolation
              `qq()' string passed to `eval'
    
                  eval qq(
                      foreach \$y (keys %\$x\) {
                          \$count++;
                      }
                  );
    
                  # perl4 runs this ok
                  # perl5 prints: Can't find string terminator ")"
    
    
         DBM Traps
    
         General DBM traps.
    
         o DBM
              Existing dbm databases created under perl4 (or any
              other dbm/ndbm tool) may cause the same script, run
              under perl5, to fail.  The build of perl5 must have
              been linked with the same dbm/ndbm as the default for
              `dbmopen()' to function properly without `tie''ing to
              an extension dbm implementation.
    
                  dbmopen (%dbm, "file", undef);
                  print "ok\n";
    
                  # perl4 prints: ok
                  # perl5 prints: ok (IFF linked with -ldbm or -lndbm)
    
    
         o DBM
              Existing dbm databases created under perl4 (or any
              other dbm/ndbm tool) may cause the same script, run
              under perl5, to fail.  The error generated when
              exceeding the limit on the key/value size will cause
              perl5 to exit immediately.
                  dbmopen(DB, "testdb",0600) || die "couldn't open db! $!";
                  $DB{'trap'} = "x" x 1024;  # value too large for most dbm/ndbm
                  print "YUP\n";
    
                  # perl4 prints:
                  dbm store returned -1, errno 28, key "trap" at - line 3.
                  YUP
    
                  # perl5 prints:
                  dbm store returned -1, errno 28, key "trap" at - line 3.
    
    
         Unclassified Traps
    
         Everything else.
    
         o `require'/`do' trap using returned value
              If the file doit.pl has:
    
                  sub foo {
                      $rc = do "./do.pl";
                      return 8;
                  }
                  print &foo, "\n";
    
              And the do.pl file has the following single line:
    
                  return 3;
    
              Running doit.pl gives the following:
    
                  # perl 4 prints: 3 (aborts the subroutine early)
                  # perl 5 prints: 8
    
              Same behavior if you replace `do' with `require'.
    
         o `split' on empty string with LIMIT specified
                      $string = '';
                  @list = split(/foo/, $string, 2)
    
              Perl4 returns a one element list containing the empty
              string but Perl5 returns an empty list.
    
         As always, if any of these are ever officially declared as
         bugs, they'll be fixed and removed.
    
    
    
    


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